SparsePauliOp#

class qiskit.quantum_info.SparsePauliOp(data, coeffs=None, *, ignore_pauli_phase=False, copy=True)[código fonte]#

Bases: LinearOp

Sparse N-qubit operator in a Pauli basis representation.

This is a sparse representation of an N-qubit matrix Operator in terms of N-qubit PauliList and complex coefficients.

It can be used for performing operator arithmetic for hundred of qubits if the number of non-zero Pauli basis terms is sufficiently small.

The Pauli basis components are stored as a PauliList object and can be accessed using the paulis attribute. The coefficients are stored as a complex Numpy array vector and can be accessed using the coeffs attribute.

Data type of coefficients

The default dtype of the internal coeffs Numpy array is complex128. Users can configure this by passing np.ndarray with a different dtype. For example, a parameterized SparsePauliOp can be made as follows:

>>> import numpy as np
>>> from qiskit.circuit import ParameterVector
>>> from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp

>>> SparsePauliOp(["II", "XZ"], np.array(ParameterVector("a", 2)))
SparsePauliOp(['II', 'XZ'],
      coeffs=[ParameterExpression(1.0*a[0]), ParameterExpression(1.0*a[1])])

Nota

Parameterized SparsePauliOp does not support the following methods:

to_matrix(sparse=True) since scipy.sparse cannot have objects as elements.
to_operator() since Operator does not support objects.
sort, argsort since ParameterExpression does not support comparison.
equiv since ParameterExpression cannot be converted into complex.
chop since ParameterExpression does not support absolute value.

Initialize an operator object.

Parâmetros:

data (PauliList or SparsePauliOp or Pauli or list or str) – Pauli list of terms. A list of Pauli strings or a Pauli string is also allowed.
coeffs (np.ndarray) –
complex coefficients for Pauli terms.

Nota

If data is a SparsePauliOp and coeffs is not None, the value of the SparsePauliOp.coeffs will be ignored, and only the passed keyword argument coeffs will be used.
ignore_pauli_phase (bool) – if true, any phase component of a given PauliList will be assumed to be zero. This is more efficient in cases where a PauliList has been constructed purely for this object, and it is already known that the phases in the ZX-convention are zero. It only makes sense to pass this option when giving PauliList data. (Default: False)
copy (bool) – copy the input data if True, otherwise assign it directly, if possible. (Default: True)

Levanta:

QiskitError – If the input data or coeffs are invalid.

Attributes

atol = 1e-08#

coeffs#: Return the Pauli coefficients.

dim#: Return tuple (input_shape, output_shape).

num_qubits#: Return the number of qubits if a N-qubit operator or None otherwise.

parameters#: Return the free Parameters in the coefficients.

paulis#: Return the PauliList.

qargs#: Return the qargs for the operator.

rtol = 1e-05#

settings#: Return settings.

size#: The number of Pauli of Pauli terms in the operator.

Methods

adjoint()[código fonte]#: Return the adjoint of the Operator.

argsort(weight=False)[código fonte]#

Return indices for sorting the rows of the table.

Returns the composition of permutations in the order of sorting by coefficient and sorting by Pauli. By using the weight kwarg the output can additionally be sorted by the number of non-identity terms in the Pauli, where the set of all Pauli’s of a given weight are still ordered lexicographically.

Example

Here is an example of how to use SparsePauliOp argsort.

import numpy as np
from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp

# 2-qubit labels
labels = ["XX", "XX", "XX", "YI", "II", "XZ", "XY", "XI"]
# coeffs
coeffs = [2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 3.+0.j, 4.+0.j, 5.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 7.+0.j]

# init
spo = SparsePauliOp(labels, coeffs)
print('Initial Ordering')
print(spo)

# Lexicographic Ordering
srt = spo.argsort()
print('Lexicographically sorted')
print(srt)

# Lexicographic Ordering
srt = spo.argsort(weight=False)
print('Lexicographically sorted')
print(srt)

# Weight Ordering
srt = spo.argsort(weight=True)
print('Weight sorted')
print(srt)

Initial Ordering
SparsePauliOp(['XX', 'XX', 'XX', 'YI', 'II', 'XZ', 'XY', 'XI'],
              coeffs=[2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 3.+0.j, 4.+0.j, 5.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 7.+0.j])
Lexicographically sorted
[4 7 0 1 2 6 5 3]
Lexicographically sorted
[4 7 0 1 2 6 5 3]
Weight sorted
[4 7 3 0 1 2 6 5]

Parâmetros:

weight (bool) – optionally sort by weight if True (Default: False).
sorted (By using the weight kwarg the output can additionally be) –
Pauli. (by the number of non-identity terms in the) –

Retorno:

the indices for sorting the table.

Tipo de retorno:

array

assign_parameters(parameters, inplace=False)[código fonte]#

Bind the free Parameters in the coefficients to provided values.

Parâmetros:

parameters (Mapping[Parameter, complex | ParameterExpression] | Sequence[complex | ParameterExpression]) – The values to bind the parameters to.
inplace (bool) – If False, a copy of the operator with the bound parameters is returned. If True the operator itself is modified.

Retorno:

A copy of the operator with bound parameters, if inplace is False, otherwise None.

Tipo de retorno:

SparsePauliOp | None

chop(tol=1e-14)[código fonte]#

Set real and imaginary parts of the coefficients to 0 if < tol in magnitude.

For example, the operator representing 1+1e-17j X + 1e-17 Y with a tolerance larger than 1e-17 will be reduced to 1 X whereas SparsePauliOp.simplify() would return 1+1e-17j X.

If a both the real and imaginary part of a coefficient is 0 after chopping, the corresponding Pauli is removed from the operator.

Parâmetros:: tol (float) – The absolute tolerance to check whether a real or imaginary part should be set to 0.
Retorno:: This operator with chopped coefficients.
Tipo de retorno:: SparsePauliOp

compose(other, qargs=None, front=False)[código fonte]#

Return the operator composition with another SparsePauliOp.

Parâmetros:

other (SparsePauliOp) – a SparsePauliOp object.
qargs (list or None) – Optional, a list of subsystem positions to apply other on. If None apply on all subsystems (default: None).
front (bool) – If True compose using right operator multiplication, instead of left multiplication [default: False].

Retorno:

The composed SparsePauliOp.

Tipo de retorno:

SparsePauliOp

Levanta:

QiskitError – if other cannot be converted to an operator, or has incompatible dimensions for specified subsystems.

Nota

Composition (&) by default is defined as left matrix multiplication for matrix operators, while @ (equivalent to dot()) is defined as right matrix multiplication. That is that A & B == A.compose(B) is equivalent to B @ A == B.dot(A) when A and B are of the same type.

Setting the front=True kwarg changes this to right matrix multiplication and is equivalent to the dot() method A.dot(B) == A.compose(B, front=True).

conjugate()[código fonte]#: Return the conjugate of the SparsePauliOp.

copy()#: Make a deep copy of current operator.

dot(other, qargs=None)#

Return the right multiplied operator self * other.

Parâmetros:

other (Operator) – an operator object.
qargs (list or None) – Optional, a list of subsystem positions to apply other on. If None apply on all subsystems (default: None).

Retorno:

The right matrix multiplied Operator.

Tipo de retorno:

Operator

Nota

The dot product can be obtained using the @ binary operator. Hence a.dot(b) is equivalent to a @ b.

equiv(other, atol=None)[código fonte]#

Check if two SparsePauliOp operators are equivalent.

Parâmetros:

other (SparsePauliOp) – an operator object.
atol (float | None) – Absolute numerical tolerance for checking equivalence.

Retorno:

True if the operator is equivalent to self.

Tipo de retorno:

bool

expand(other)[código fonte]#

Return the reverse-order tensor product with another SparsePauliOp.

Parâmetros:

other (SparsePauliOp) – a SparsePauliOp object.

Retorno:

the tensor product \(b \otimes a\), where \(a\): is the current SparsePauliOp, and \(b\) is the other SparsePauliOp.

Tipo de retorno:

SparsePauliOp

static from_list(obj, dtype=<class 'complex'>)[código fonte]#

Construct from a list of Pauli strings and coefficients.

For example, the 5-qubit Hamiltonian

\[H = Z_1 X_4 + 2 Y_0 Y_3\]

can be constructed as

# via tuples and the full Pauli string
op = SparsePauliOp.from_list([("XIIZI", 1), ("IYIIY", 2)])

Parâmetros:

obj (Iterable[tuple[str, complex]]) – The list of 2-tuples specifying the Pauli terms.
dtype (type) – The dtype of coeffs (Default complex).

Retorno:

The SparsePauliOp representation of the Pauli terms.

Tipo de retorno:

SparsePauliOp

Levanta:

QiskitError – If the list of Paulis is empty.

static from_operator(obj, atol=None, rtol=None)[código fonte]#

Construct from an Operator objector.

Note that the cost of this construction is exponential as it involves taking inner products with every element of the N-qubit Pauli basis.

Parâmetros:

obj (Operator) – an N-qubit operator.
atol (float) – Optional. Absolute tolerance for checking if coefficients are zero (Default: 1e-8).
rtol (float) – Optional. relative tolerance for checking if coefficients are zero (Default: 1e-5).

Retorno:

the SparsePauliOp representation of the operator.

Tipo de retorno:

SparsePauliOp

Levanta:

QiskitError – if the input operator is not an N-qubit operator.

static from_sparse_list(obj, num_qubits, do_checks=True, dtype=<class 'complex'>)[código fonte]#

Construct from a list of local Pauli strings and coefficients.

Each list element is a 3-tuple of a local Pauli string, indices where to apply it, and a coefficient.

For example, the 5-qubit Hamiltonian

\[H = Z_1 X_4 + 2 Y_0 Y_3\]

can be constructed as

# via triples and local Paulis with indices
op = SparsePauliOp.from_sparse_list([("ZX", [1, 4], 1), ("YY", [0, 3], 2)], num_qubits=5)

# equals the following construction from "dense" Paulis
op = SparsePauliOp.from_list([("XIIZI", 1), ("IYIIY", 2)])

Parâmetros:

obj (Iterable[tuple[str, list[int], complex]]) – The list 3-tuples specifying the Paulis.
num_qubits (int) – The number of qubits of the operator.
do_checks (bool) – The flag of checking if the input indices are not duplicated.
dtype (type) – The dtype of coeffs (Default complex).

Retorno:

The SparsePauliOp representation of the Pauli terms.

Tipo de retorno:

SparsePauliOp

Levanta:

QiskitError – If the list of Paulis is empty.
QiskitError – If the number of qubits is incompatible with the indices of the Pauli terms.
QiskitError – If the designated qubit is already assigned.

group_commuting(qubit_wise=False)[código fonte]#

Partition a SparsePauliOp into sets of commuting Pauli strings.

Parâmetros:

qubit_wise (bool) –

whether the commutation rule is applied to the whole operator, or on a per-qubit basis. For example:

>>> op = SparsePauliOp.from_list([("XX", 2), ("YY", 1), ("IZ",2j), ("ZZ",1j)])
>>> op.group_commuting()
[SparsePauliOp(["IZ", "ZZ"], coeffs=[0.+2.j, 0.+1j]),
 SparsePauliOp(["XX", "YY"], coeffs=[2.+0.j, 1.+0.j])]
>>> op.group_commuting(qubit_wise=True)
[SparsePauliOp(['XX'], coeffs=[2.+0.j]),
 SparsePauliOp(['YY'], coeffs=[1.+0.j]),
 SparsePauliOp(['IZ', 'ZZ'], coeffs=[0.+2.j, 0.+1.j])]

Retorno:

List of SparsePauliOp where each SparsePauliOp contains: commuting Pauli operators.

Tipo de retorno:

list[SparsePauliOp]

input_dims(qargs=None)#: Return tuple of input dimension for specified subsystems.

is_unitary(atol=None, rtol=None)[código fonte]#

Return True if operator is a unitary matrix.

Parâmetros:

atol (float) – Optional. Absolute tolerance for checking if coefficients are zero (Default: 1e-8).
rtol (float) – Optional. relative tolerance for checking if coefficients are zero (Default: 1e-5).

Retorno:

True if the operator is unitary, False otherwise.

Tipo de retorno:

bool

label_iter()[código fonte]#

Return a label representation iterator.

This is a lazy iterator that converts each term in the SparsePauliOp into a tuple (label, coeff). To convert the entire table to labels use the to_labels() method.

Retorno:: label iterator object for the SparsePauliOp.
Tipo de retorno:: LabelIterator

matrix_iter(sparse=False)[código fonte]#

Return a matrix representation iterator.

This is a lazy iterator that converts each term in the SparsePauliOp into a matrix as it is used. To convert to a single matrix use the to_matrix() method.

Parâmetros:: sparse (bool) – optionally return sparse CSR matrices if True, otherwise return Numpy array matrices (Default: False)
Retorno:: matrix iterator object for the PauliList.
Tipo de retorno:: MatrixIterator

output_dims(qargs=None)#: Return tuple of output dimension for specified subsystems.

power(n)#

Return the compose of a operator with itself n times.

Parâmetros:: n (int) – the number of times to compose with self (n>0).
Retorno:: the n-times composed operator.
Tipo de retorno:: Pauli
Levanta:: QiskitError – if the input and output dimensions of the operator are not equal, or the power is not a positive integer.

reshape(input_dims=None, output_dims=None, num_qubits=None)#

Return a shallow copy with reshaped input and output subsystem dimensions.

Parâmetros:

input_dims (None or tuple) – new subsystem input dimensions. If None the original input dims will be preserved [Default: None].
output_dims (None or tuple) – new subsystem output dimensions. If None the original output dims will be preserved [Default: None].
num_qubits (None or int) – reshape to an N-qubit operator [Default: None].

Retorno:

returns self with reshaped input and output dimensions.

Tipo de retorno:

BaseOperator

Levanta:

QiskitError – if combined size of all subsystem input dimension or subsystem output dimensions is not constant.

simplify(atol=None, rtol=None)[código fonte]#

Simplify PauliList by combining duplicates and removing zeros.

Parâmetros:

atol (float) – Optional. Absolute tolerance for checking if coefficients are zero (Default: 1e-8).
rtol (float) – Optional. relative tolerance for checking if coefficients are zero (Default: 1e-5).

Retorno:

the simplified SparsePauliOp operator.

Tipo de retorno:

SparsePauliOp

sort(weight=False)[código fonte]#

Sort the rows of the table.

After sorting the coefficients using numpy’s argsort, sort by Pauli. Pauli sort takes precedence. If Pauli is the same, it will be sorted by coefficient. By using the weight kwarg the output can additionally be sorted by the number of non-identity terms in the Pauli, where the set of all Pauli’s of a given weight are still ordered lexicographically.

Example

Here is an example of how to use SparsePauliOp sort.

import numpy as np
from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp

# 2-qubit labels
labels = ["XX", "XX", "XX", "YI", "II", "XZ", "XY", "XI"]
# coeffs
coeffs = [2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 3.+0.j, 4.+0.j, 5.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 7.+0.j]

# init
spo = SparsePauliOp(labels, coeffs)
print('Initial Ordering')
print(spo)

# Lexicographic Ordering
srt = spo.sort()
print('Lexicographically sorted')
print(srt)

# Lexicographic Ordering
srt = spo.sort(weight=False)
print('Lexicographically sorted')
print(srt)

# Weight Ordering
srt = spo.sort(weight=True)
print('Weight sorted')
print(srt)

Initial Ordering
SparsePauliOp(['XX', 'XX', 'XX', 'YI', 'II', 'XZ', 'XY', 'XI'],
              coeffs=[2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 3.+0.j, 4.+0.j, 5.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 7.+0.j])
Lexicographically sorted
SparsePauliOp(['II', 'XI', 'XX', 'XX', 'XX', 'XY', 'XZ', 'YI'],
              coeffs=[4.+0.j, 7.+0.j, 2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 5.+0.j, 3.+0.j])
Lexicographically sorted
SparsePauliOp(['II', 'XI', 'XX', 'XX', 'XX', 'XY', 'XZ', 'YI'],
              coeffs=[4.+0.j, 7.+0.j, 2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 5.+0.j, 3.+0.j])
Weight sorted
SparsePauliOp(['II', 'XI', 'YI', 'XX', 'XX', 'XX', 'XY', 'XZ'],
              coeffs=[4.+0.j, 7.+0.j, 3.+0.j, 2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 5.+0.j])

Parâmetros:

weight (bool) – optionally sort by weight if True (Default: False).
sorted (By using the weight kwarg the output can additionally be) –
Pauli. (by the number of non-identity terms in the) –

Retorno:

a sorted copy of the original table.

Tipo de retorno:

SparsePauliOp

static sum(ops)[código fonte]#

Sum of SparsePauliOps.

This is a specialized version of the builtin sum function for SparsePauliOp with smaller overhead.

Parâmetros:

ops (list[SparsePauliOp]) – a list of SparsePauliOps.

Retorno:

the SparsePauliOp representing the sum of the input list.

Tipo de retorno:

SparsePauliOp

Levanta:

QiskitError – if the input list is empty.
QiskitError – if the input list includes an object that is not SparsePauliOp.
QiskitError – if the numbers of qubits of the objects in the input list do not match.

tensor(other)[código fonte]#

Return the tensor product with another SparsePauliOp.

Parâmetros:

other (SparsePauliOp) – a SparsePauliOp object.

Retorno:

the tensor product \(a \otimes b\), where \(a\): is the current SparsePauliOp, and \(b\) is the other SparsePauliOp.

Tipo de retorno:

SparsePauliOp

Nota

The tensor product can be obtained using the ^ binary operator. Hence a.tensor(b) is equivalent to a ^ b.

to_list(array=False)[código fonte]#

Convert to a list Pauli string labels and coefficients.

For operators with a lot of terms converting using the array=True kwarg will be more efficient since it allocates memory for the full Numpy array of labels in advance.

Parâmetros:: array (bool) – return a Numpy array if True, otherwise return a list (Default: False).
Retorno:: List of pairs (label, coeff) for rows of the PauliList.
Tipo de retorno:: list or array

to_matrix(sparse=False)[código fonte]#

Convert to a dense or sparse matrix.

Parâmetros:: sparse (bool) – if True return a sparse CSR matrix, otherwise return dense Numpy array (Default: False).
Retorno:: A dense matrix if sparse=False. csr_matrix: A sparse matrix in CSR format if sparse=True.
Tipo de retorno:: array

to_operator()[código fonte]#

Convert to a matrix Operator object

Tipo de retorno:: Operator

transpose()[código fonte]#: Return the transpose of the SparsePauliOp.