SparsePauliOp#

class qiskit.quantum_info.SparsePauliOp(data, coeffs=None, *, ignore_pauli_phase=False, copy=True)[소스]#

기반 클래스: LinearOp

Sparse N-qubit operator in a Pauli basis representation.

This is a sparse representation of an N-qubit matrix Operator in terms of N-qubit PauliList and complex coefficients.

It can be used for performing operator arithmetic for hundred of qubits if the number of non-zero Pauli basis terms is sufficiently small.

The Pauli basis components are stored as a PauliList object and can be accessed using the paulis attribute. The coefficients are stored as a complex Numpy array vector and can be accessed using the coeffs attribute.

Data type of coefficients

The default dtype of the internal coeffs Numpy array is complex128. Users can configure this by passing np.ndarray with a different dtype. For example, a parameterized SparsePauliOp can be made as follows:

>>> import numpy as np
>>> from qiskit.circuit import ParameterVector
>>> from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp

>>> SparsePauliOp(["II", "XZ"], np.array(ParameterVector("a", 2)))
SparsePauliOp(['II', 'XZ'],
      coeffs=[ParameterExpression(1.0*a[0]), ParameterExpression(1.0*a[1])])

참고

Parameterized SparsePauliOp does not support the following methods:

to_matrix(sparse=True) since scipy.sparse cannot have objects as elements.
to_operator() since Operator does not support objects.
sort, argsort since ParameterExpression does not support comparison.
equiv since ParameterExpression cannot be converted into complex.
chop since ParameterExpression does not support absolute value.

Initialize an operator object.

매개변수:

data (PauliList or SparsePauliOp or Pauli or list or str) – Pauli list of terms. A list of Pauli strings or a Pauli string is also allowed.
coeffs (np.ndarray) –
complex coefficients for Pauli terms.

참고

If data is a SparsePauliOp and coeffs is not None, the value of the SparsePauliOp.coeffs will be ignored, and only the passed keyword argument coeffs will be used.
ignore_pauli_phase (bool) – if true, any phase component of a given PauliList will be assumed to be zero. This is more efficient in cases where a PauliList has been constructed purely for this object, and it is already known that the phases in the ZX-convention are zero. It only makes sense to pass this option when giving PauliList data. (Default: False)
copy (bool) – copy the input data if True, otherwise assign it directly, if possible. (Default: True)

예외 발생:

QiskitError – If the input data or coeffs are invalid.

Attributes

atol = 1e-08#

coeffs#: Return the Pauli coefficients.

dim#: Return tuple (input_shape, output_shape).

num_qubits#: Return the number of qubits if a N-qubit operator or None otherwise.

parameters#: Return the free Parameters in the coefficients.

paulis#: Return the PauliList.

qargs#: Return the qargs for the operator.

rtol = 1e-05#

settings#: Return settings.

size#: The number of Pauli of Pauli terms in the operator.

Methods

adjoint()[소스]#: Return the adjoint of the Operator.

argsort(weight=False)[소스]#

Return indices for sorting the rows of the table.

Returns the composition of permutations in the order of sorting by coefficient and sorting by Pauli. By using the weight kwarg the output can additionally be sorted by the number of non-identity terms in the Pauli, where the set of all Pauli’s of a given weight are still ordered lexicographically.

Example

Here is an example of how to use SparsePauliOp argsort.

import numpy as np
from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp

# 2-qubit labels
labels = ["XX", "XX", "XX", "YI", "II", "XZ", "XY", "XI"]
# coeffs
coeffs = [2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 3.+0.j, 4.+0.j, 5.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 7.+0.j]

# init
spo = SparsePauliOp(labels, coeffs)
print('Initial Ordering')
print(spo)

# Lexicographic Ordering
srt = spo.argsort()
print('Lexicographically sorted')
print(srt)

# Lexicographic Ordering
srt = spo.argsort(weight=False)
print('Lexicographically sorted')
print(srt)

# Weight Ordering
srt = spo.argsort(weight=True)
print('Weight sorted')
print(srt)

Initial Ordering
SparsePauliOp(['XX', 'XX', 'XX', 'YI', 'II', 'XZ', 'XY', 'XI'],
              coeffs=[2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 3.+0.j, 4.+0.j, 5.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 7.+0.j])
Lexicographically sorted
[4 7 0 1 2 6 5 3]
Lexicographically sorted
[4 7 0 1 2 6 5 3]
Weight sorted
[4 7 3 0 1 2 6 5]

매개변수:

weight (bool) – optionally sort by weight if True (Default: False).
sorted (By using the weight kwarg the output can additionally be) –
Pauli. (by the number of non-identity terms in the) –

반환:

the indices for sorting the table.

반환 형식:

array

assign_parameters(parameters, inplace=False)[소스]#

Bind the free Parameters in the coefficients to provided values.

매개변수:

parameters (Mapping[Parameter, complex | ParameterExpression] | Sequence[complex | ParameterExpression]) – The values to bind the parameters to.
inplace (bool) – If False, a copy of the operator with the bound parameters is returned. If True the operator itself is modified.

반환:

A copy of the operator with bound parameters, if inplace is False, otherwise None.

반환 형식:

SparsePauliOp | None

chop(tol=1e-14)[소스]#

Set real and imaginary parts of the coefficients to 0 if < tol in magnitude.

For example, the operator representing 1+1e-17j X + 1e-17 Y with a tolerance larger than 1e-17 will be reduced to 1 X whereas SparsePauliOp.simplify() would return 1+1e-17j X.

If a both the real and imaginary part of a coefficient is 0 after chopping, the corresponding Pauli is removed from the operator.

매개변수:: tol (float) – The absolute tolerance to check whether a real or imaginary part should be set to 0.
반환:: This operator with chopped coefficients.
반환 형식:: SparsePauliOp

compose(other, qargs=None, front=False)[소스]#

Return the operator composition with another SparsePauliOp.

매개변수:

other (SparsePauliOp) – a SparsePauliOp object.
qargs (list or None) – Optional, a list of subsystem positions to apply other on. If None apply on all subsystems (default: None).
front (bool) – If True compose using right operator multiplication, instead of left multiplication [default: False].

반환:

The composed SparsePauliOp.

반환 형식:

SparsePauliOp

예외 발생:

QiskitError – if other cannot be converted to an operator, or has incompatible dimensions for specified subsystems.

참고

Composition (&) by default is defined as left matrix multiplication for matrix operators, while @ (equivalent to dot()) is defined as right matrix multiplication. That is that A & B == A.compose(B) is equivalent to B @ A == B.dot(A) when A and B are of the same type.

Setting the front=True kwarg changes this to right matrix multiplication and is equivalent to the dot() method A.dot(B) == A.compose(B, front=True).

conjugate()[소스]#: Return the conjugate of the SparsePauliOp.

copy()#: Make a deep copy of current operator.

dot(other, qargs=None)#

Return the right multiplied operator self * other.

매개변수:

other (Operator) – an operator object.
qargs (list or None) – Optional, a list of subsystem positions to apply other on. If None apply on all subsystems (default: None).

반환:

The right matrix multiplied Operator.

반환 형식:

Operator

참고

The dot product can be obtained using the @ binary operator. Hence a.dot(b) is equivalent to a @ b.

equiv(other, atol=None)[소스]#

Check if two SparsePauliOp operators are equivalent.

매개변수:

other (SparsePauliOp) – an operator object.
atol (float | None) – Absolute numerical tolerance for checking equivalence.

반환:

True if the operator is equivalent to self.

반환 형식:

bool

expand(other)[소스]#

Return the reverse-order tensor product with another SparsePauliOp.

매개변수:

other (SparsePauliOp) – a SparsePauliOp object.

반환:

the tensor product \(b \otimes a\), where \(a\): is the current SparsePauliOp, and \(b\) is the other SparsePauliOp.

반환 형식:

SparsePauliOp

static from_list(obj, dtype=<class 'complex'>)[소스]#

Construct from a list of Pauli strings and coefficients.

For example, the 5-qubit Hamiltonian

\[H = Z_1 X_4 + 2 Y_0 Y_3\]

can be constructed as

# via tuples and the full Pauli string
op = SparsePauliOp.from_list([("XIIZI", 1), ("IYIIY", 2)])

매개변수:

obj (Iterable[tuple[str, complex]]) – The list of 2-tuples specifying the Pauli terms.
dtype (type) – The dtype of coeffs (Default complex).

반환:

The SparsePauliOp representation of the Pauli terms.

반환 형식:

SparsePauliOp

예외 발생:

QiskitError – If the list of Paulis is empty.

static from_operator(obj, atol=None, rtol=None)[소스]#

Construct from an Operator objector.

Note that the cost of this construction is exponential as it involves taking inner products with every element of the N-qubit Pauli basis.

매개변수:

obj (Operator) – an N-qubit operator.
atol (float) – Optional. Absolute tolerance for checking if coefficients are zero (Default: 1e-8).
rtol (float) – Optional. relative tolerance for checking if coefficients are zero (Default: 1e-5).

반환:

the SparsePauliOp representation of the operator.

반환 형식:

SparsePauliOp

예외 발생:

QiskitError – if the input operator is not an N-qubit operator.

static from_sparse_list(obj, num_qubits, do_checks=True, dtype=<class 'complex'>)[소스]#

Construct from a list of local Pauli strings and coefficients.

Each list element is a 3-tuple of a local Pauli string, indices where to apply it, and a coefficient.

For example, the 5-qubit Hamiltonian

\[H = Z_1 X_4 + 2 Y_0 Y_3\]

can be constructed as

# via triples and local Paulis with indices
op = SparsePauliOp.from_sparse_list([("ZX", [1, 4], 1), ("YY", [0, 3], 2)], num_qubits=5)

# equals the following construction from "dense" Paulis
op = SparsePauliOp.from_list([("XIIZI", 1), ("IYIIY", 2)])

매개변수:

obj (Iterable[tuple[str, list[int], complex]]) – The list 3-tuples specifying the Paulis.
num_qubits (int) – The number of qubits of the operator.
do_checks (bool) – The flag of checking if the input indices are not duplicated.
dtype (type) – The dtype of coeffs (Default complex).

반환:

The SparsePauliOp representation of the Pauli terms.

반환 형식:

SparsePauliOp

예외 발생:

QiskitError – If the list of Paulis is empty.
QiskitError – If the number of qubits is incompatible with the indices of the Pauli terms.
QiskitError – If the designated qubit is already assigned.

group_commuting(qubit_wise=False)[소스]#

Partition a SparsePauliOp into sets of commuting Pauli strings.

매개변수:

qubit_wise (bool) –

whether the commutation rule is applied to the whole operator, or on a per-qubit basis. For example:

>>> op = SparsePauliOp.from_list([("XX", 2), ("YY", 1), ("IZ",2j), ("ZZ",1j)])
>>> op.group_commuting()
[SparsePauliOp(["IZ", "ZZ"], coeffs=[0.+2.j, 0.+1j]),
 SparsePauliOp(["XX", "YY"], coeffs=[2.+0.j, 1.+0.j])]
>>> op.group_commuting(qubit_wise=True)
[SparsePauliOp(['XX'], coeffs=[2.+0.j]),
 SparsePauliOp(['YY'], coeffs=[1.+0.j]),
 SparsePauliOp(['IZ', 'ZZ'], coeffs=[0.+2.j, 0.+1.j])]

반환:

List of SparsePauliOp where each SparsePauliOp contains: commuting Pauli operators.

반환 형식:

list[SparsePauliOp]

input_dims(qargs=None)#: Return tuple of input dimension for specified subsystems.

is_unitary(atol=None, rtol=None)[소스]#

Return True if operator is a unitary matrix.

매개변수:

atol (float) – Optional. Absolute tolerance for checking if coefficients are zero (Default: 1e-8).
rtol (float) – Optional. relative tolerance for checking if coefficients are zero (Default: 1e-5).

반환:

True if the operator is unitary, False otherwise.

반환 형식:

bool

label_iter()[소스]#

Return a label representation iterator.

This is a lazy iterator that converts each term in the SparsePauliOp into a tuple (label, coeff). To convert the entire table to labels use the to_labels() method.

반환:: label iterator object for the SparsePauliOp.
반환 형식:: LabelIterator

matrix_iter(sparse=False)[소스]#

Return a matrix representation iterator.

This is a lazy iterator that converts each term in the SparsePauliOp into a matrix as it is used. To convert to a single matrix use the to_matrix() method.

매개변수:: sparse (bool) – optionally return sparse CSR matrices if True, otherwise return Numpy array matrices (Default: False)
반환:: matrix iterator object for the PauliList.
반환 형식:: MatrixIterator

output_dims(qargs=None)#: Return tuple of output dimension for specified subsystems.

power(n)#

Return the compose of a operator with itself n times.

매개변수:: n (int) – the number of times to compose with self (n>0).
반환:: the n-times composed operator.
반환 형식:: Pauli
예외 발생:: QiskitError – if the input and output dimensions of the operator are not equal, or the power is not a positive integer.

reshape(input_dims=None, output_dims=None, num_qubits=None)#

Return a shallow copy with reshaped input and output subsystem dimensions.

매개변수:

input_dims (None or tuple) – new subsystem input dimensions. If None the original input dims will be preserved [Default: None].
output_dims (None or tuple) – new subsystem output dimensions. If None the original output dims will be preserved [Default: None].
num_qubits (None or int) – reshape to an N-qubit operator [Default: None].

반환:

returns self with reshaped input and output dimensions.

반환 형식:

BaseOperator

예외 발생:

QiskitError – if combined size of all subsystem input dimension or subsystem output dimensions is not constant.

simplify(atol=None, rtol=None)[소스]#

Simplify PauliList by combining duplicates and removing zeros.

매개변수:

atol (float) – Optional. Absolute tolerance for checking if coefficients are zero (Default: 1e-8).
rtol (float) – Optional. relative tolerance for checking if coefficients are zero (Default: 1e-5).

반환:

the simplified SparsePauliOp operator.

반환 형식:

SparsePauliOp

sort(weight=False)[소스]#

Sort the rows of the table.

After sorting the coefficients using numpy’s argsort, sort by Pauli. Pauli sort takes precedence. If Pauli is the same, it will be sorted by coefficient. By using the weight kwarg the output can additionally be sorted by the number of non-identity terms in the Pauli, where the set of all Pauli’s of a given weight are still ordered lexicographically.

Example

Here is an example of how to use SparsePauliOp sort.

import numpy as np
from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp

# 2-qubit labels
labels = ["XX", "XX", "XX", "YI", "II", "XZ", "XY", "XI"]
# coeffs
coeffs = [2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 3.+0.j, 4.+0.j, 5.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 7.+0.j]

# init
spo = SparsePauliOp(labels, coeffs)
print('Initial Ordering')
print(spo)

# Lexicographic Ordering
srt = spo.sort()
print('Lexicographically sorted')
print(srt)

# Lexicographic Ordering
srt = spo.sort(weight=False)
print('Lexicographically sorted')
print(srt)

# Weight Ordering
srt = spo.sort(weight=True)
print('Weight sorted')
print(srt)

Initial Ordering
SparsePauliOp(['XX', 'XX', 'XX', 'YI', 'II', 'XZ', 'XY', 'XI'],
              coeffs=[2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 3.+0.j, 4.+0.j, 5.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 7.+0.j])
Lexicographically sorted
SparsePauliOp(['II', 'XI', 'XX', 'XX', 'XX', 'XY', 'XZ', 'YI'],
              coeffs=[4.+0.j, 7.+0.j, 2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 5.+0.j, 3.+0.j])
Lexicographically sorted
SparsePauliOp(['II', 'XI', 'XX', 'XX', 'XX', 'XY', 'XZ', 'YI'],
              coeffs=[4.+0.j, 7.+0.j, 2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 5.+0.j, 3.+0.j])
Weight sorted
SparsePauliOp(['II', 'XI', 'YI', 'XX', 'XX', 'XX', 'XY', 'XZ'],
              coeffs=[4.+0.j, 7.+0.j, 3.+0.j, 2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 5.+0.j])

매개변수:

weight (bool) – optionally sort by weight if True (Default: False).
sorted (By using the weight kwarg the output can additionally be) –
Pauli. (by the number of non-identity terms in the) –

반환:

a sorted copy of the original table.

반환 형식:

SparsePauliOp

static sum(ops)[소스]#

Sum of SparsePauliOps.

This is a specialized version of the builtin sum function for SparsePauliOp with smaller overhead.

매개변수:

ops (list[SparsePauliOp]) – a list of SparsePauliOps.

반환:

the SparsePauliOp representing the sum of the input list.

반환 형식:

SparsePauliOp

예외 발생:

QiskitError – if the input list is empty.
QiskitError – if the input list includes an object that is not SparsePauliOp.
QiskitError – if the numbers of qubits of the objects in the input list do not match.

tensor(other)[소스]#

Return the tensor product with another SparsePauliOp.

매개변수:

other (SparsePauliOp) – a SparsePauliOp object.

반환:

the tensor product \(a \otimes b\), where \(a\): is the current SparsePauliOp, and \(b\) is the other SparsePauliOp.

반환 형식:

SparsePauliOp

참고

The tensor product can be obtained using the ^ binary operator. Hence a.tensor(b) is equivalent to a ^ b.

to_list(array=False)[소스]#

Convert to a list Pauli string labels and coefficients.

For operators with a lot of terms converting using the array=True kwarg will be more efficient since it allocates memory for the full Numpy array of labels in advance.

매개변수:: array (bool) – return a Numpy array if True, otherwise return a list (Default: False).
반환:: List of pairs (label, coeff) for rows of the PauliList.
반환 형식:: list or array

to_matrix(sparse=False)[소스]#

Convert to a dense or sparse matrix.

매개변수:: sparse (bool) – if True return a sparse CSR matrix, otherwise return dense Numpy array (Default: False).
반환:: A dense matrix if sparse=False. csr_matrix: A sparse matrix in CSR format if sparse=True.
반환 형식:: array

to_operator()[소스]#

Convert to a matrix Operator object

반환 형식:: Operator

transpose()[소스]#: Return the transpose of the SparsePauliOp.