# This code is part of Qiskit.
#
# (C) Copyright IBM 2021.
#
# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
#
# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
# that they have been altered from the originals.
"""
These are the CNOT structure methods: anything that you need for creating CNOT structures.
"""
import logging
import numpy as np
_NETWORK_LAYOUTS = ["sequ", "spin", "cart", "cyclic_spin", "cyclic_line"]
_CONNECTIVITY_TYPES = ["full", "line", "star"]
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
def _lower_limit(num_qubits: int) -> int:
"""
Returns lower limit on the number of CNOT units that guarantees exact representation of
a unitary operator by quantum gates.
Args:
num_qubits: number of qubits.
Returns:
lower limit on the number of CNOT units.
"""
num_cnots = round(np.ceil((4**num_qubits - 3 * num_qubits - 1) / 4.0))
return num_cnots
[ドキュメント]def make_cnot_network(
num_qubits: int,
network_layout: str = "spin",
connectivity_type: str = "full",
depth: int = 0,
) -> np.ndarray:
"""
Generates a network consisting of building blocks each containing a CNOT gate and possibly some
single-qubit ones. This network models a quantum operator in question. Note, each building
block has 2 input and outputs corresponding to a pair of qubits. What we actually return here
is a chain of indices of qubit pairs shared by every building block in a row.
Args:
num_qubits: number of qubits.
network_layout: type of network geometry, ``{"sequ", "spin", "cart", "cyclic_spin",
"cyclic_line"}``.
connectivity_type: type of inter-qubit connectivity, ``{"full", "line", "star"}``.
depth: depth of the CNOT-network, i.e. the number of layers, where each layer consists of
a single CNOT-block; default value will be selected, if ``L <= 0``.
Returns:
A matrix of size ``(2, N)`` matrix that defines layers in cnot-network, where ``N``
is either equal ``L``, or defined by a concrete type of the network.
Raises:
ValueError: if unsupported type of CNOT-network layout or number of qubits or combination
of parameters are passed.
"""
if num_qubits < 2:
raise ValueError("Number of qubits must be greater or equal to 2")
if depth <= 0:
new_depth = _lower_limit(num_qubits)
logger.debug(
"Number of CNOT units chosen as the lower limit: %d, got a non-positive value: %d",
new_depth,
depth,
)
depth = new_depth
if network_layout == "sequ":
links = _get_connectivity(num_qubits=num_qubits, connectivity=connectivity_type)
return _sequential_network(num_qubits=num_qubits, links=links, depth=depth)
elif network_layout == "spin":
return _spin_network(num_qubits=num_qubits, depth=depth)
elif network_layout == "cart":
cnots = _cartan_network(num_qubits=num_qubits)
logger.debug(
"Optimal lower bound: %d; Cartan CNOTs: %d", _lower_limit(num_qubits), cnots.shape[1]
)
return cnots
elif network_layout == "cyclic_spin":
if connectivity_type != "full":
raise ValueError(f"'{network_layout}' layout expects 'full' connectivity")
return _cyclic_spin_network(num_qubits, depth)
elif network_layout == "cyclic_line":
if connectivity_type != "line":
raise ValueError(f"'{network_layout}' layout expects 'line' connectivity")
return _cyclic_line_network(num_qubits, depth)
else:
raise ValueError(
f"Unknown type of CNOT-network layout, expects one of {_NETWORK_LAYOUTS}, "
f"got {network_layout}"
)
def _get_connectivity(num_qubits: int, connectivity: str) -> dict:
"""
Generates connectivity structure between qubits.
Args:
num_qubits: number of qubits.
connectivity: type of connectivity structure, ``{"full", "line", "star"}``.
Returns:
dictionary of allowed links between qubits.
Raises:
ValueError: if unsupported type of CNOT-network layout is passed.
"""
if num_qubits == 1:
links = {0: [0]}
elif connectivity == "full":
# Full connectivity between qubits.
links = {i: list(range(num_qubits)) for i in range(num_qubits)}
elif connectivity == "line":
# Every qubit is connected to its immediate neighbours only.
links = {i: [i - 1, i, i + 1] for i in range(1, num_qubits - 1)}
# first qubit
links[0] = [0, 1]
# last qubit
links[num_qubits - 1] = [num_qubits - 2, num_qubits - 1]
elif connectivity == "star":
# Every qubit is connected to the first one only.
links = {i: [0, i] for i in range(1, num_qubits)}
# first qubit
links[0] = list(range(num_qubits))
else:
raise ValueError(
f"Unknown connectivity type, expects one of {_CONNECTIVITY_TYPES}, got {connectivity}"
)
return links
def _sequential_network(num_qubits: int, links: dict, depth: int) -> np.ndarray:
"""
Generates a sequential network.
Args:
num_qubits: number of qubits.
links: dictionary of connectivity links.
depth: depth of the network (number of layers of building blocks).
Returns:
A matrix of ``(2, N)`` that defines layers in qubit network.
"""
layer = 0
cnots = np.zeros((2, depth), dtype=int)
while True:
for i in range(0, num_qubits - 1):
for j in range(i + 1, num_qubits):
if j in links[i]:
cnots[0, layer] = i
cnots[1, layer] = j
layer += 1
if layer >= depth:
return cnots
def _spin_network(num_qubits: int, depth: int) -> np.ndarray:
"""
Generates a spin-like network.
Args:
num_qubits: number of qubits.
depth: depth of the network (number of layers of building blocks).
Returns:
A matrix of size ``2 x L`` that defines layers in qubit network.
"""
layer = 0
cnots = np.zeros((2, depth), dtype=int)
while True:
for i in range(0, num_qubits - 1, 2):
cnots[0, layer] = i
cnots[1, layer] = i + 1
layer += 1
if layer >= depth:
return cnots
for i in range(1, num_qubits - 1, 2):
cnots[0, layer] = i
cnots[1, layer] = i + 1
layer += 1
if layer >= depth:
return cnots
def _cartan_network(num_qubits: int) -> np.ndarray:
"""
Cartan decomposition in a recursive way, starting from n = 3.
Args:
num_qubits: number of qubits.
Returns:
2xN matrix that defines layers in qubit network, where N is the
depth of Cartan decomposition.
Raises:
ValueError: if number of qubits is less than 3.
"""
n = num_qubits
if n > 3:
cnots = np.asarray([[0, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1]])
mult = np.asarray([[n - 2, n - 3, n - 2, n - 3], [n - 1, n - 1, n - 1, n - 1]])
for _ in range(n - 2):
cnots = np.hstack((np.tile(np.hstack((cnots, mult)), 3), cnots))
mult[0, -1] -= 1
mult = np.tile(mult, 2)
elif n == 3:
cnots = np.asarray(
[
[0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0],
[1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1],
]
)
else:
raise ValueError(f"The number of qubits must be >= 3, got {n}.")
return cnots
def _cyclic_spin_network(num_qubits: int, depth: int) -> np.ndarray:
"""
Same as in the spin-like network, but the first and the last qubits are also connected.
Args:
num_qubits: number of qubits.
depth: depth of the network (number of layers of building blocks).
Returns:
A matrix of size ``2 x L`` that defines layers in qubit network.
"""
cnots = np.zeros((2, depth), dtype=int)
z = 0
while True:
for i in range(0, num_qubits, 2):
if i + 1 <= num_qubits - 1:
cnots[0, z] = i
cnots[1, z] = i + 1
z += 1
if z >= depth:
return cnots
for i in range(1, num_qubits, 2):
if i + 1 <= num_qubits - 1:
cnots[0, z] = i
cnots[1, z] = i + 1
z += 1
elif i == num_qubits - 1:
cnots[0, z] = i
cnots[1, z] = 0
z += 1
if z >= depth:
return cnots
def _cyclic_line_network(num_qubits: int, depth: int) -> np.ndarray:
"""
Generates a line based CNOT structure.
Args:
num_qubits: number of qubits.
depth: depth of the network (number of layers of building blocks).
Returns:
A matrix of size ``2 x L`` that defines layers in qubit network.
"""
cnots = np.zeros((2, depth), dtype=int)
for i in range(depth):
cnots[0, i] = (i + 0) % num_qubits
cnots[1, i] = (i + 1) % num_qubits
return cnots