# This code is part of Qiskit.
#
# (C) Copyright IBM 2021, 2022.
#
# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
#
# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
# that they have been altered from the originals.
"""
Circuit synthesis for the Clifford class.
"""
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Synthesis based on Aaronson & Gottesman decomposition
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
import numpy as np
from qiskit.circuit import QuantumCircuit
from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.symplectic.clifford_circuits import (
_append_cx,
_append_h,
_append_s,
_append_swap,
_append_x,
_append_z,
)
from .clifford_decompose_bm import _decompose_clifford_1q
[Doku]def synth_clifford_ag(clifford):
"""Decompose a Clifford operator into a QuantumCircuit based on Aaronson-Gottesman method.
Args:
clifford (Clifford): a clifford operator.
Return:
QuantumCircuit: a circuit implementation of the Clifford.
Reference:
1. S. Aaronson, D. Gottesman, *Improved Simulation of Stabilizer Circuits*,
Phys. Rev. A 70, 052328 (2004).
`arXiv:quant-ph/0406196 <https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0406196>`_
"""
# Use 1-qubit decomposition method
if clifford.num_qubits == 1:
return _decompose_clifford_1q(clifford.tableau)
# Compose a circuit which we will convert to an instruction
circuit = QuantumCircuit(clifford.num_qubits, name=str(clifford))
# Make a copy of Clifford as we are going to do row reduction to
# reduce it to an identity
clifford_cpy = clifford.copy()
for i in range(clifford.num_qubits):
# put a 1 one into position by permuting and using Hadamards(i,i)
_set_qubit_x_true(clifford_cpy, circuit, i)
# make all entries in row i except ith equal to 0
# by using phase gate and CNOTS
_set_row_x_zero(clifford_cpy, circuit, i)
# treat Zs
_set_row_z_zero(clifford_cpy, circuit, i)
for i in range(clifford.num_qubits):
if clifford_cpy.destab_phase[i]:
_append_z(clifford_cpy, i)
circuit.z(i)
if clifford_cpy.stab_phase[i]:
_append_x(clifford_cpy, i)
circuit.x(i)
# Next we invert the circuit to undo the row reduction and return the
# result as a gate instruction
return circuit.inverse()
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Helper functions for Aaronson & Gottesman decomposition
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
def _set_qubit_x_true(clifford, circuit, qubit):
"""Set destabilizer.X[qubit, qubit] to be True.
This is done by permuting columns l > qubit or if necessary applying
a Hadamard
"""
x = clifford.destab_x[qubit]
z = clifford.destab_z[qubit]
if x[qubit]:
return
# Try to find non-zero element
for i in range(qubit + 1, clifford.num_qubits):
if x[i]:
_append_swap(clifford, i, qubit)
circuit.swap(i, qubit)
return
# no non-zero element found: need to apply Hadamard somewhere
for i in range(qubit, clifford.num_qubits):
if z[i]:
_append_h(clifford, i)
circuit.h(i)
if i != qubit:
_append_swap(clifford, i, qubit)
circuit.swap(i, qubit)
return
def _set_row_x_zero(clifford, circuit, qubit):
"""Set destabilizer.X[qubit, i] to False for all i > qubit.
This is done by applying CNOTS assumes k<=N and A[k][k]=1
"""
x = clifford.destab_x[qubit]
z = clifford.destab_z[qubit]
# Check X first
for i in range(qubit + 1, clifford.num_qubits):
if x[i]:
_append_cx(clifford, qubit, i)
circuit.cx(qubit, i)
# Check whether Zs need to be set to zero:
if np.any(z[qubit:]):
if not z[qubit]:
# to treat Zs: make sure row.Z[k] to True
_append_s(clifford, qubit)
circuit.s(qubit)
# reverse CNOTS
for i in range(qubit + 1, clifford.num_qubits):
if z[i]:
_append_cx(clifford, i, qubit)
circuit.cx(i, qubit)
# set row.Z[qubit] to False
_append_s(clifford, qubit)
circuit.s(qubit)
def _set_row_z_zero(clifford, circuit, qubit):
"""Set stabilizer.Z[qubit, i] to False for all i > qubit.
Implemented by applying (reverse) CNOTS assumes qubit < num_qubits
and _set_row_x_zero has been called first
"""
x = clifford.stab_x[qubit]
z = clifford.stab_z[qubit]
# check whether Zs need to be set to zero:
if np.any(z[qubit + 1 :]):
for i in range(qubit + 1, clifford.num_qubits):
if z[i]:
_append_cx(clifford, i, qubit)
circuit.cx(i, qubit)
# check whether Xs need to be set to zero:
if np.any(x[qubit:]):
_append_h(clifford, qubit)
circuit.h(qubit)
for i in range(qubit + 1, clifford.num_qubits):
if x[i]:
_append_cx(clifford, qubit, i)
circuit.cx(qubit, i)
if z[qubit]:
_append_s(clifford, qubit)
circuit.s(qubit)
_append_h(clifford, qubit)
circuit.h(qubit)