# This code is part of Qiskit.
#
# (C) Copyright IBM 2017, 2019.
#
# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
#
# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
# that they have been altered from the originals.
"""
Chi-matrix representation of a Quantum Channel.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import copy
import numpy as np
from qiskit.circuit.quantumcircuit import QuantumCircuit
from qiskit.circuit.instruction import Instruction
from qiskit.exceptions import QiskitError
from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.channel.quantum_channel import QuantumChannel
from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.channel.choi import Choi
from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.channel.superop import SuperOp
from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.channel.transformations import _to_chi
from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.mixins import generate_apidocs
from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.base_operator import BaseOperator
[documentos]class Chi(QuantumChannel):
r"""Pauli basis Chi-matrix representation of a quantum channel.
The Chi-matrix representation of an :math:`n`-qubit quantum channel
:math:`\mathcal{E}` is a matrix :math:`\chi` such that the evolution of a
:class:`~qiskit.quantum_info.DensityMatrix` :math:`\rho` is given by
.. math::
\mathcal{E}(蟻) = \frac{1}{2^n} \sum_{i, j} \chi_{i,j} P_i 蟻 P_j
where :math:`[P_0, P_1, ..., P_{4^{n}-1}]` is the :math:`n`-qubit Pauli basis in
lexicographic order. It is related to the :class:`Choi` representation by a change
of basis of the Choi-matrix into the Pauli basis. The :math:`\frac{1}{2^n}`
in the definition above is a normalization factor that arises from scaling the
Pauli basis to make it orthonormal.
See reference [1] for further details.
References:
1. C.J. Wood, J.D. Biamonte, D.G. Cory, *Tensor networks and graphical calculus
for open quantum systems*, Quant. Inf. Comp. 15, 0579-0811 (2015).
`arXiv:1111.6950 [quant-ph] <https://arxiv.org/abs/1111.6950>`_
"""
def __init__(
self,
data: QuantumCircuit | Instruction | BaseOperator | np.ndarray,
input_dims: int | tuple | None = None,
output_dims: int | tuple | None = None,
):
"""Initialize a quantum channel Chi-matrix operator.
Args:
data (QuantumCircuit or
Instruction or
BaseOperator or
matrix): data to initialize superoperator.
input_dims (tuple): the input subsystem dimensions.
[Default: None]
output_dims (tuple): the output subsystem dimensions.
[Default: None]
Raises:
QiskitError: if input data is not an N-qubit channel or
cannot be initialized as a Chi-matrix.
Additional Information:
If the input or output dimensions are None, they will be
automatically determined from the input data. The Chi matrix
representation is only valid for N-qubit channels.
"""
# If the input is a raw list or matrix we assume that it is
# already a Chi matrix.
if isinstance(data, (list, np.ndarray)):
# Initialize from raw numpy or list matrix.
chi_mat = np.asarray(data, dtype=complex)
# Determine input and output dimensions
dim_l, dim_r = chi_mat.shape
if dim_l != dim_r:
raise QiskitError("Invalid Chi-matrix input.")
if input_dims:
input_dim = np.prod(input_dims)
if output_dims:
output_dim = np.prod(input_dims)
if output_dims is None and input_dims is None:
output_dim = int(np.sqrt(dim_l))
input_dim = dim_l // output_dim
elif input_dims is None:
input_dim = dim_l // output_dim
elif output_dims is None:
output_dim = dim_l // input_dim
# Check dimensions
if input_dim * output_dim != dim_l:
raise QiskitError("Invalid shape for Chi-matrix input.")
else:
# Otherwise we initialize by conversion from another Qiskit
# object into the QuantumChannel.
if isinstance(data, (QuantumCircuit, Instruction)):
# If the input is a Terra QuantumCircuit or Instruction we
# convert it to a SuperOp
data = SuperOp._init_instruction(data)
else:
# We use the QuantumChannel init transform to initialize
# other objects into a QuantumChannel or Operator object.
data = self._init_transformer(data)
input_dim, output_dim = data.dim
# Now that the input is an operator we convert it to a Chi object
rep = getattr(data, "_channel_rep", "Operator")
chi_mat = _to_chi(rep, data._data, input_dim, output_dim)
if input_dims is None:
input_dims = data.input_dims()
if output_dims is None:
output_dims = data.output_dims()
# Check input is N-qubit channel
num_qubits = int(np.log2(input_dim))
if 2**num_qubits != input_dim or input_dim != output_dim:
raise QiskitError("Input is not an n-qubit Chi matrix.")
super().__init__(chi_mat, num_qubits=num_qubits)
def __array__(self, dtype=None):
if dtype:
return np.asarray(self.data, dtype=dtype)
return self.data
@property
def _bipartite_shape(self):
"""Return the shape for bipartite matrix"""
return (self._input_dim, self._output_dim, self._input_dim, self._output_dim)
def _evolve(self, state, qargs=None):
return SuperOp(self)._evolve(state, qargs)
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# BaseOperator methods
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
[documentos] def conjugate(self):
# Since conjugation is basis dependent we transform
# to the Choi representation to compute the
# conjugate channel
return Chi(Choi(self).conjugate())
[documentos] def transpose(self):
return Chi(Choi(self).transpose())
[documentos] def adjoint(self):
return Chi(Choi(self).adjoint())
[documentos] def compose(self, other: Chi, qargs: list | None = None, front: bool = False) -> Chi:
if qargs is None:
qargs = getattr(other, "qargs", None)
if qargs is not None:
return Chi(SuperOp(self).compose(other, qargs=qargs, front=front))
# If no qargs we compose via Choi representation to avoid an additional
# representation conversion to SuperOp and then convert back to Chi
return Chi(Choi(self).compose(other, front=front))
[documentos] def tensor(self, other: Chi) -> Chi:
if not isinstance(other, Chi):
other = Chi(other)
return self._tensor(self, other)
[documentos] def expand(self, other: Chi) -> Chi:
if not isinstance(other, Chi):
other = Chi(other)
return self._tensor(other, self)
@classmethod
def _tensor(cls, a, b):
ret = copy.copy(a)
ret._op_shape = a._op_shape.tensor(b._op_shape)
ret._data = np.kron(a._data, b.data)
return ret
# Update docstrings for API docs
generate_apidocs(Chi)