# This code is part of Qiskit.
#
# (C) Copyright IBM 2020.
#
# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
#
# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
# that they have been altered from the originals.
# pylint: disable=invalid-name
"""Symbolic waveform module.
These are pulses which are described by symbolic equations for their envelopes and for their
parameter constraints.
"""
import functools
import warnings
from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union, Callable, Tuple
from copy import deepcopy
import numpy as np
from qiskit.circuit.parameterexpression import ParameterExpression, ParameterValueType
from qiskit.pulse.exceptions import PulseError
from qiskit.pulse.library.pulse import Pulse
from qiskit.pulse.library.waveform import Waveform
from qiskit.utils import optionals as _optional
from qiskit.utils.deprecation import deprecate_arg
if _optional.HAS_SYMENGINE:
import symengine as sym
else:
import sympy as sym
def _lifted_gaussian(
t: sym.Symbol,
center: Union[sym.Symbol, sym.Expr, complex],
t_zero: Union[sym.Symbol, sym.Expr, complex],
sigma: Union[sym.Symbol, sym.Expr, complex],
) -> sym.Expr:
r"""Helper function that returns a lifted Gaussian symbolic equation.
For :math:`\sigma=` ``sigma`` the symbolic equation will be
.. math::
f(x) = \exp\left(-\frac12 \left(\frac{x - \mu}{\sigma}\right)^2 \right),
with the center :math:`\mu=` ``duration/2``.
Then, each output sample :math:`y` is modified according to:
.. math::
y \mapsto \frac{y-y^*}{1.0-y^*},
where :math:`y^*` is the value of the un-normalized Gaussian at the endpoints of the pulse.
This sets the endpoints to :math:`0` while preserving the amplitude at the center,
i.e. :math:`y` is set to :math:`1.0`.
Args:
t: Symbol object representing time.
center: Symbol or expression representing the middle point of the samples.
t_zero: The value of t at which the pulse is lowered to 0.
sigma: Symbol or expression representing Gaussian sigma.
Returns:
Symbolic equation.
"""
# Sympy automatically does expand.
# This causes expression inconsistency after qpy round-trip serializing through sympy.
# See issue for details: https://github.com/symengine/symengine.py/issues/409
t_shifted = (t - center).expand()
t_offset = (t_zero - center).expand()
gauss = sym.exp(-((t_shifted / sigma) ** 2) / 2)
offset = sym.exp(-((t_offset / sigma) ** 2) / 2)
return (gauss - offset) / (1 - offset)
@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
def _is_amplitude_valid(envelope_lam: Callable, time: Tuple[float, ...], *fargs: float) -> bool:
"""A helper function to validate maximum amplitude limit.
Result is cached for better performance.
Args:
envelope_lam: The SymbolicPulse's lambdified envelope_lam expression.
time: The SymbolicPulse's time array, given as a tuple for hashability.
fargs: The arguments for the lambdified envelope_lam, as given by `_get_expression_args`,
except for the time array.
Returns:
Return True if no sample point exceeds 1.0 in absolute value.
"""
time = np.asarray(time, dtype=float)
samples_norm = np.abs(envelope_lam(time, *fargs))
epsilon = 1e-7 # The value of epsilon mimics that of Waveform._clip()
return np.all(samples_norm < 1.0 + epsilon)
def _get_expression_args(expr: sym.Expr, params: Dict[str, float]) -> List[float]:
"""A helper function to get argument to evaluate expression.
Args:
expr: Symbolic expression to evaluate.
params: Dictionary of parameter, which is a superset of expression arguments.
Returns:
Arguments passed to the lambdified expression.
Raises:
PulseError: When a free symbol value is not defined in the pulse instance parameters.
"""
args = []
for symbol in sorted(expr.free_symbols, key=lambda s: s.name):
if symbol.name == "t":
# 't' is a special parameter to represent time vector.
# This should be place at first to broadcast other parameters
# in symengine lambdify function.
times = np.arange(0, params["duration"]) + 1 / 2
args.insert(0, times)
continue
try:
args.append(params[symbol.name])
except KeyError as ex:
raise PulseError(
f"Pulse parameter '{symbol.name}' is not defined for this instance. "
"Please check your waveform expression is correct."
) from ex
return args
class LambdifiedExpression:
"""Descriptor to lambdify symbolic expression with cache.
When a new symbolic expression is assigned for the first time, :class:`.LambdifiedExpression`
will internally lambdify the expressions and store the resulting callbacks in its cache.
The next time it encounters the same expression it will return the cached callbacks
thereby increasing the code's speed.
Note that this class is a python `Descriptor`_, and thus not intended to be
directly called by end-users. This class is designed to be attached to the
:class:`.SymbolicPulse` as attributes for symbolic expressions.
_`Descriptor`: https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#descriptors
"""
def __init__(self, attribute: str):
"""Create new descriptor.
Args:
attribute: Name of attribute of :class:`.SymbolicPulse` that returns
the target expression to evaluate.
"""
self.attribute = attribute
self.lambda_funcs = {}
def __get__(self, instance, owner) -> Callable:
expr = getattr(instance, self.attribute, None)
if expr is None:
raise PulseError(f"'{self.attribute}' of '{instance.pulse_type}' is not assigned.")
key = hash(expr)
if key not in self.lambda_funcs:
self.__set__(instance, expr)
return self.lambda_funcs[key]
def __set__(self, instance, value):
key = hash(value)
if key not in self.lambda_funcs:
params = []
for p in sorted(value.free_symbols, key=lambda s: s.name):
if p.name == "t":
# Argument "t" must be placed at first. This is a vector.
params.insert(0, p)
continue
params.append(p)
if _optional.HAS_SYMENGINE:
try:
lamb = sym.lambdify(params, [value], real=False)
def _wrapped_lamb(*args):
if isinstance(args[0], np.ndarray):
# When the args[0] is a vector ("t"), tile other arguments args[1:]
# to prevent evaluation from looping over each element in t.
t = args[0]
args = np.hstack(
(
t.reshape(t.size, 1),
np.tile(args[1:], t.size).reshape(t.size, len(args) - 1),
)
)
return lamb(args)
func = _wrapped_lamb
except RuntimeError:
# Currently symengine doesn't support complex_double version for
# several functions such as comparison operator and piecewise.
# If expression contains these function, it fall back to sympy lambdify.
# See https://github.com/symengine/symengine.py/issues/406 for details.
import sympy
func = sympy.lambdify(params, value)
else:
func = sym.lambdify(params, value)
self.lambda_funcs[key] = func
[docs]class SymbolicPulse(Pulse):
r"""The pulse representation model with parameters and symbolic expressions.
A symbolic pulse instance can be defined with an envelope and parameter constraints.
Envelope and parameter constraints should be provided as symbolic expressions.
Rather than creating a subclass, different pulse shapes can be distinguished by
the instance attributes :attr:`SymbolicPulse.envelope` and :attr:`SymbolicPulse.pulse_type`.
The symbolic expressions must be defined either with SymPy_ or Symengine_.
Usually Symengine-based expression is much more performant for instantiation
of the :class:`SymbolicPulse`, however, it doesn't support every functions available in SymPy.
You may need to choose proper library depending on how you define your pulses.
Symengine works in the most envelopes and constraints, and thus it is recommended to use
this library especially when your program contains a lot of pulses.
Also note that Symengine has the limited platform support and may not be available
for your local system. Symengine is a required dependency for Qiskit on platforms
that support it will always be installed along with Qiskit on macOS ``x86_64`` and ``arm64``,
and Linux ``x86_64``, ``aarch64``, and ``ppc64le``.
For 64-bit Windows users they will need to manual install it.
For 32-bit platforms such as ``i686`` and ``armv7`` Linux, and on Linux ``s390x``
there are no pre-compiled packages available and to use symengine you'll need to
compile it from source. If Symengine is not available in your environment SymPy will be used.
.. _SymPy: https://www.sympy.org/en/index.html
.. _Symengine: https://symengine.org
.. _symbolic_pulse_envelope:
.. rubric:: Envelope function
The waveform at time :math:`t` is generated by the :meth:`get_waveform` according to
.. math::
F(t, \Theta) = \times F(t, {\rm duration}, \overline{\rm params})
where :math:`\Theta` is the set of full pulse parameters in the :attr:`SymbolicPulse.parameters`
dictionary which must include the :math:`\rm duration`.
Note that the :math:`F` is an envelope of the waveform, and a programmer must provide this
as a symbolic expression. :math:`\overline{\rm params}` can be arbitrary complex values
as long as they pass :meth:`.validate_parameters` and your quantum backend can accept.
The time :math:`t` and :math:`\rm duration` are in units of dt, i.e. sample time resolution,
and this function is sampled with a discrete time vector in :math:`[0, {\rm duration}]`
sampling the pulse envelope at every 0.5 dt (middle sampling strategy) when
the :meth:`SymbolicPulse.get_waveform` method is called.
The sample data is not generated until this method is called
thus a symbolic pulse instance only stores parameter values and waveform shape,
which greatly reduces memory footprint during the program generation.
.. _symbolic_pulse_constraints:
.. rubric:: Constraint functions
Constraints on the parameters are defined with an instance attribute
:attr:`SymbolicPulse.constraints` which can be provided through the constructor.
The constraints value must be a symbolic expression, which is a
function of parameters to be validated and must return a boolean value
being ``True`` when parameters are valid.
If there are multiple conditions to be evaluated, these conditions can be
concatenated with logical expressions such as ``And`` and ``Or`` in SymPy or Symengine.
The symbolic pulse instance can be played only when the constraint function returns ``True``.
The constraint is evaluated when :meth:`.validate_parameters` is called.
.. _symbolic_pulse_eval_condition:
.. rubric:: Maximum amplitude validation
When you play a pulse in a quantum backend, you might face the restriction on the power
that your waveform generator can handle. Usually, the pulse amplitude is normalized
by this maximum power, namely :math:`\max |F| \leq 1`. This condition is
evaluated along with above constraints when you set ``limit_amplitude = True`` in the constructor.
To evaluate maximum amplitude of the waveform, we need to call :meth:`get_waveform`.
However, this introduces a significant overhead in the validation, and this cannot be ignored
when you repeatedly instantiate symbolic pulse instances.
:attr:`SymbolicPulse.valid_amp_conditions` provides a condition to skip this waveform validation,
and the waveform is not generated as long as this condition returns ``True``,
so that `healthy` symbolic pulses are created very quick.
For example, for a simple pulse shape like ``amp * cos(f * t)``, we know that
pulse amplitude is valid as long as ``amp`` remains less than magnitude 1.0.
So ``abs(amp) <= 1`` could be passed as :attr:`SymbolicPulse.valid_amp_conditions` to skip
doing a full waveform evaluation for amplitude validation.
This expression is provided through the constructor. If this is not provided,
the waveform is generated everytime when :meth:`.validate_parameters` is called.
.. rubric:: Examples
This is how a user can instantiate a symbolic pulse instance.
In this example, we instantiate a custom `Sawtooth` envelope.
.. code-block::
from qiskit.pulse.library import SymbolicPulse
my_pulse = SymbolicPulse(
pulse_type="Sawtooth",
duration=100,
parameters={"amp": 0.1, "freq": 0.05},
name="pulse1",
)
Note that :class:`SymbolicPulse` can be instantiated without providing
the envelope and constraints. However, this instance cannot generate waveforms
without knowing the envelope definition. Now you need to provide the envelope.
.. plot::
:include-source:
import sympy
from qiskit.pulse.library import SymbolicPulse
t, amp, freq = sympy.symbols("t, amp, freq")
envelope = 2 * amp * (freq * t - sympy.floor(1 / 2 + freq * t))
my_pulse = SymbolicPulse(
pulse_type="Sawtooth",
duration=100,
parameters={"amp": 0.1, "freq": 0.05},
envelope=envelope,
name="pulse1",
)
my_pulse.draw()
Likewise, you can define :attr:`SymbolicPulse.constraints` for ``my_pulse``.
After providing the envelope definition, you can generate the waveform data.
Note that it would be convenient to define a factory function that automatically
accomplishes this procedure.
.. code-block:: python
def Sawtooth(duration, amp, freq, name):
t, amp, freq = sympy.symbols("t, amp, freq")
instance = SymbolicPulse(
pulse_type="Sawtooth",
duration=duration,
parameters={"amp": amp, "freq": freq},
envelope=2 * amp * (freq * t - sympy.floor(1 / 2 + freq * t)),
name=name,
)
return instance
You can also provide a :class:`Parameter` object in the ``parameters`` dictionary,
or define ``duration`` with a :class:`Parameter` object when you instantiate
the symbolic pulse instance.
A waveform cannot be generated until you assign all unbounded parameters.
Note that parameters will be assigned through the schedule playing the pulse.
.. _symbolic_pulse_serialize:
.. rubric:: Serialization
The :class:`~SymbolicPulse` subclass can be serialized along with the
symbolic expressions through :mod:`qiskit.qpy`.
A user can therefore create a custom pulse subclass with a novel envelope and constraints,
and then one can instantiate the class with certain parameters to run on a backend.
This pulse instance can be saved in the QPY binary, which can be loaded afterwards
even within the environment not having original class definition loaded.
This mechanism also allows us to easily share a pulse program including
custom pulse instructions with collaborators.
"""
__slots__ = (
"_pulse_type",
"_params",
"_envelope",
"_constraints",
"_valid_amp_conditions",
)
# Lambdify caches keyed on sympy expressions. Returns the corresponding callable.
_envelope_lam = LambdifiedExpression("_envelope")
_constraints_lam = LambdifiedExpression("_constraints")
_valid_amp_conditions_lam = LambdifiedExpression("_valid_amp_conditions")
def __init__(
self,
pulse_type: str,
duration: Union[ParameterExpression, int],
parameters: Optional[Dict[str, Union[ParameterExpression, complex]]] = None,
name: Optional[str] = None,
limit_amplitude: Optional[bool] = None,
envelope: Optional[sym.Expr] = None,
constraints: Optional[sym.Expr] = None,
valid_amp_conditions: Optional[sym.Expr] = None,
):
"""Create a parametric pulse.
Args:
pulse_type: Display name of this pulse shape.
duration: Duration of pulse.
parameters: Dictionary of pulse parameters that defines the pulse envelope.
name: Display name for this particular pulse envelope.
limit_amplitude: If ``True``, then limit the absolute value of the amplitude of the
waveform to 1. The default is ``True`` and the amplitude is constrained to 1.
envelope: Pulse envelope expression.
constraints: Pulse parameter constraint expression.
valid_amp_conditions: Extra conditions to skip a full-waveform check for the
amplitude limit. If this condition is not met, then the validation routine
will investigate the full-waveform and raise an error when the amplitude norm
of any data point exceeds 1.0. If not provided, the validation always
creates a full-waveform.
Raises:
PulseError: When not all parameters are listed in the attribute :attr:`PARAM_DEF`.
"""
super().__init__(
duration=duration,
name=name,
limit_amplitude=limit_amplitude,
)
if parameters is None:
parameters = {}
self._pulse_type = pulse_type
self._params = parameters
self._envelope = envelope
self._constraints = constraints
self._valid_amp_conditions = valid_amp_conditions
def __getattr__(self, item):
# Get pulse parameters with attribute-like access.
params = object.__getattribute__(self, "_params")
if item not in params:
raise AttributeError(f"'{self.__class__.__name__}' object has no attribute '{item}'")
return params[item]
@property
def pulse_type(self) -> str:
"""Return display name of the pulse shape."""
return self._pulse_type
@property
def envelope(self) -> sym.Expr:
"""Return symbolic expression for the pulse envelope."""
return self._envelope
@property
def constraints(self) -> sym.Expr:
"""Return symbolic expression for the pulse parameter constraints."""
return self._constraints
@property
def valid_amp_conditions(self) -> sym.Expr:
"""Return symbolic expression for the pulse amplitude constraints."""
return self._valid_amp_conditions
[docs] def validate_parameters(self) -> None:
"""Validate parameters.
Raises:
PulseError: If the parameters passed are not valid.
"""
if self.is_parameterized():
return
if self._constraints is not None:
fargs = _get_expression_args(self._constraints, self.parameters)
if not bool(self._constraints_lam(*fargs)):
param_repr = ", ".join(f"{p}={v}" for p, v in self.parameters.items())
const_repr = str(self._constraints)
raise PulseError(
f"Assigned parameters {param_repr} violate following constraint: {const_repr}."
)
if self._limit_amplitude:
if self._valid_amp_conditions is not None:
fargs = _get_expression_args(self._valid_amp_conditions, self.parameters)
check_full_waveform = not bool(self._valid_amp_conditions_lam(*fargs))
else:
check_full_waveform = True
if check_full_waveform:
# Check full waveform only when the condition is satisified or
# evaluation condition is not provided.
# This operation is slower due to overhead of 'get_waveform'.
fargs = _get_expression_args(self._envelope, self.parameters)
if not _is_amplitude_valid(self._envelope_lam, tuple(fargs.pop(0)), *fargs):
param_repr = ", ".join(f"{p}={v}" for p, v in self.parameters.items())
raise PulseError(
f"Maximum pulse amplitude norm exceeds 1.0 with parameters {param_repr}."
"This can be overruled by setting Pulse.limit_amplitude."
)
[docs] def is_parameterized(self) -> bool:
"""Return True iff the instruction is parameterized."""
return any(isinstance(val, ParameterExpression) for val in self.parameters.values())
@property
def parameters(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
params = {"duration": self.duration}
params.update(self._params)
return params
def __eq__(self, other: "SymbolicPulse") -> bool:
if not isinstance(other, SymbolicPulse):
return NotImplemented
if self._pulse_type != other._pulse_type:
return False
if self._envelope != other._envelope:
return False
if self.parameters != other.parameters:
return False
return True
def __repr__(self) -> str:
param_repr = ", ".join(f"{p}={v}" for p, v in self.parameters.items())
return "{}({}{})".format(
self._pulse_type,
param_repr,
f", name='{self.name}'" if self.name is not None else "",
)
__hash__ = None
[docs]class ScalableSymbolicPulse(SymbolicPulse):
r"""Subclass of :class:`SymbolicPulse` for pulses with scalable envelope.
Instance of :class:`ScalableSymbolicPulse` behaves the same as an instance of
:class:`SymbolicPulse`, but its envelope is assumed to have a scalable form
:math:`\text{amp}\times\exp\left(i\times\text{angle}\right)\times\text{F}
\left(t,\text{parameters}\right)`,
where :math:`\text{F}` is some function describing the rest of the envelope,
and both `amp` and `angle` are real (float). Note that both `amp` and `angle` are
stored in the :attr:`parameters` dictionary of the :class:`ScalableSymbolicPulse`
instance.
When two :class:`ScalableSymbolicPulse` objects are equated, instead of comparing
`amp` and `angle` individually, only the complex amplitude
:math:'\text{amp}\times\exp\left(i\times\text{angle}\right)' is compared.
"""
@deprecate_arg(
"amp",
deprecation_description=(
"Setting ``amp`` to a complex in the ScalableSymbolicPulse constructor"
),
additional_msg=(
"Instead, use a float for ``amp`` (for the magnitude) and a float for ``angle``"
),
since="0.25.0",
pending=False,
predicate=lambda amp: isinstance(amp, complex),
)
def __init__(
self,
pulse_type: str,
duration: Union[ParameterExpression, int],
amp: ParameterValueType,
angle: ParameterValueType,
parameters: Optional[Dict[str, Union[ParameterExpression, complex]]] = None,
name: Optional[str] = None,
limit_amplitude: Optional[bool] = None,
envelope: Optional[sym.Expr] = None,
constraints: Optional[sym.Expr] = None,
valid_amp_conditions: Optional[sym.Expr] = None,
):
"""Create a scalable symbolic pulse.
Args:
pulse_type: Display name of this pulse shape.
duration: Duration of pulse.
amp: The magnitude of the complex amplitude of the pulse.
angle: The phase of the complex amplitude of the pulse.
parameters: Dictionary of pulse parameters that defines the pulse envelope.
name: Display name for this particular pulse envelope.
limit_amplitude: If ``True``, then limit the absolute value of the amplitude of the
waveform to 1. The default is ``True`` and the amplitude is constrained to 1.
envelope: Pulse envelope expression.
constraints: Pulse parameter constraint expression.
valid_amp_conditions: Extra conditions to skip a full-waveform check for the
amplitude limit. If this condition is not met, then the validation routine
will investigate the full-waveform and raise an error when the amplitude norm
of any data point exceeds 1.0. If not provided, the validation always
creates a full-waveform.
Raises:
PulseError: If both `amp` is complex and `angle` is not `None` or 0.
"""
# This should be removed once complex amp support is removed.
if isinstance(amp, complex) and angle is not None and angle != 0:
raise PulseError("amp can't be complex with angle not None or 0")
if angle is None:
angle = 0
if not isinstance(parameters, Dict):
parameters = {"amp": amp, "angle": angle}
else:
parameters = deepcopy(parameters)
parameters["amp"] = amp
parameters["angle"] = angle
super().__init__(
pulse_type=pulse_type,
duration=duration,
parameters=parameters,
name=name,
limit_amplitude=limit_amplitude,
envelope=envelope,
constraints=constraints,
valid_amp_conditions=valid_amp_conditions,
)
# pylint: disable=too-many-return-statements
def __eq__(self, other: "ScalableSymbolicPulse") -> bool:
if not isinstance(other, ScalableSymbolicPulse):
return NotImplemented
if self._pulse_type != other._pulse_type:
return False
if self._envelope != other._envelope:
return False
complex_amp1 = self.amp * np.exp(1j * self.angle)
complex_amp2 = other.amp * np.exp(1j * other.angle)
if isinstance(complex_amp1, ParameterExpression) or isinstance(
complex_amp2, ParameterExpression
):
if complex_amp1 != complex_amp2:
return False
else:
if not np.isclose(complex_amp1, complex_amp2):
return False
for key in self.parameters:
if key not in ["amp", "angle"] and self.parameters[key] != other.parameters[key]:
return False
return True
class _PulseType(type):
"""Metaclass to warn at isinstance check."""
def __instancecheck__(cls, instance):
cls_alias = getattr(cls, "alias", None)
# TODO promote this to Deprecation warning in future.
# Once type information usage is removed from user code,
# we will convert pulse classes into functions.
warnings.warn(
"Typechecking with the symbolic pulse subclass will be deprecated. "
f"'{cls_alias}' subclass instance is turned into SymbolicPulse instance. "
f"Use self.pulse_type == '{cls_alias}' instead.",
PendingDeprecationWarning,
)
if not isinstance(instance, SymbolicPulse):
return False
return instance.pulse_type == cls_alias
def __getattr__(cls, item):
# For pylint. A SymbolicPulse subclass must implement several methods
# such as .get_waveform and .validate_parameters.
# In addition, they conventionally offer attribute-like access to the pulse parameters,
# for example, instance.amp returns instance._params["amp"].
# If pulse classes are directly instantiated, pylint yells no-member
# since the pulse class itself implements nothing. These classes just
# behave like a factory by internally instantiating the SymbolicPulse and return it.
# It is not realistic to write disable=no-member across qiskit packages.
return NotImplemented
[docs]class Gaussian(metaclass=_PulseType):
r"""A lifted and truncated pulse envelope shaped according to the Gaussian function whose
mean is centered at the center of the pulse (duration / 2):
.. math::
f'(x) &= \exp\Bigl( -\frac12 \frac{{(x - \text{duration}/2)}^2}{\text{sigma}^2} \Bigr)\\
f(x) &= \text{A} \times \frac{f'(x) - f'(-1)}{1-f'(-1)}, \quad 0 \le x < \text{duration}
where :math:`f'(x)` is the gaussian waveform without lifting or amplitude scaling, and
:math:`\text{A} = \text{amp} \times \exp\left(i\times\text{angle}\right)`.
"""
alias = "Gaussian"
def __new__(
cls,
duration: Union[int, ParameterExpression],
amp: ParameterValueType,
sigma: ParameterValueType,
angle: Optional[ParameterValueType] = None,
name: Optional[str] = None,
limit_amplitude: Optional[bool] = None,
) -> ScalableSymbolicPulse:
"""Create new pulse instance.
Args:
duration: Pulse length in terms of the sampling period `dt`.
amp: The magnitude of the amplitude of the Gaussian envelope.
Complex amp support is deprecated.
sigma: A measure of how wide or narrow the Gaussian peak is; described mathematically
in the class docstring.
angle: The angle of the complex amplitude of the Gaussian envelope. Default value 0.
name: Display name for this pulse envelope.
limit_amplitude: If ``True``, then limit the amplitude of the
waveform to 1. The default is ``True`` and the amplitude is constrained to 1.
Returns:
ScalableSymbolicPulse instance.
"""
parameters = {"sigma": sigma}
# Prepare symbolic expressions
_t, _duration, _amp, _sigma, _angle = sym.symbols("t, duration, amp, sigma, angle")
_center = _duration / 2
envelope_expr = (
_amp * sym.exp(sym.I * _angle) * _lifted_gaussian(_t, _center, _duration + 1, _sigma)
)
consts_expr = _sigma > 0
valid_amp_conditions_expr = sym.Abs(_amp) <= 1.0
instance = ScalableSymbolicPulse(
pulse_type=cls.alias,
duration=duration,
amp=amp,
angle=angle,
parameters=parameters,
name=name,
limit_amplitude=limit_amplitude,
envelope=envelope_expr,
constraints=consts_expr,
valid_amp_conditions=valid_amp_conditions_expr,
)
instance.validate_parameters()
return instance
[docs]class GaussianSquare(metaclass=_PulseType):
"""A square pulse with a Gaussian shaped risefall on both sides lifted such that
its first sample is zero.
Exactly one of the ``risefall_sigma_ratio`` and ``width`` parameters has to be specified.
If ``risefall_sigma_ratio`` is not None and ``width`` is None:
.. math::
\\text{risefall} &= \\text{risefall_sigma_ratio} \\times \\text{sigma}\\\\
\\text{width} &= \\text{duration} - 2 \\times \\text{risefall}
If ``width`` is not None and ``risefall_sigma_ratio`` is None:
.. math:: \\text{risefall} = \\frac{\\text{duration} - \\text{width}}{2}
In both cases, the lifted gaussian square pulse :math:`f'(x)` is defined as:
.. math::
f'(x) &= \\begin{cases}\
\\exp\\biggl(-\\frac12 \\frac{(x - \\text{risefall})^2}{\\text{sigma}^2}\\biggr)\
& x < \\text{risefall}\\\\
1\
& \\text{risefall} \\le x < \\text{risefall} + \\text{width}\\\\
\\exp\\biggl(-\\frac12\
\\frac{{\\bigl(x - (\\text{risefall} + \\text{width})\\bigr)}^2}\
{\\text{sigma}^2}\
\\biggr)\
& \\text{risefall} + \\text{width} \\le x\
\\end{cases}\\\\
f(x) &= \\text{A} \\times \\frac{f'(x) - f'(-1)}{1-f'(-1)},\
\\quad 0 \\le x < \\text{duration}
where :math:`f'(x)` is the gaussian square waveform without lifting or amplitude scaling, and
:math:`\\text{A} = \\text{amp} \\times \\exp\\left(i\\times\\text{angle}\\right)`.
"""
alias = "GaussianSquare"
def __new__(
cls,
duration: Union[int, ParameterExpression],
amp: ParameterValueType,
sigma: ParameterValueType,
width: Optional[ParameterValueType] = None,
angle: Optional[ParameterValueType] = None,
risefall_sigma_ratio: Optional[ParameterValueType] = None,
name: Optional[str] = None,
limit_amplitude: Optional[bool] = None,
) -> ScalableSymbolicPulse:
"""Create new pulse instance.
Args:
duration: Pulse length in terms of the sampling period `dt`.
amp: The magnitude of the amplitude of the Gaussian and square pulse.
Complex amp support is deprecated.
sigma: A measure of how wide or narrow the Gaussian risefall is; see the class
docstring for more details.
width: The duration of the embedded square pulse.
angle: The angle of the complex amplitude of the pulse. Default value 0.
risefall_sigma_ratio: The ratio of each risefall duration to sigma.
name: Display name for this pulse envelope.
limit_amplitude: If ``True``, then limit the amplitude of the
waveform to 1. The default is ``True`` and the amplitude is constrained to 1.
Returns:
ScalableSymbolicPulse instance.
Raises:
PulseError: When width and risefall_sigma_ratio are both empty or both non-empty.
"""
# Convert risefall_sigma_ratio into width which is defined in OpenPulse spec
if width is None and risefall_sigma_ratio is None:
raise PulseError(
"Either the pulse width or the risefall_sigma_ratio parameter must be specified."
)
if width is not None and risefall_sigma_ratio is not None:
raise PulseError(
"Either the pulse width or the risefall_sigma_ratio parameter can be specified"
" but not both."
)
if width is None and risefall_sigma_ratio is not None:
width = duration - 2.0 * risefall_sigma_ratio * sigma
parameters = {"sigma": sigma, "width": width}
# Prepare symbolic expressions
_t, _duration, _amp, _sigma, _width, _angle = sym.symbols(
"t, duration, amp, sigma, width, angle"
)
_center = _duration / 2
_sq_t0 = _center - _width / 2
_sq_t1 = _center + _width / 2
_gaussian_ledge = _lifted_gaussian(_t, _sq_t0, -1, _sigma)
_gaussian_redge = _lifted_gaussian(_t, _sq_t1, _duration + 1, _sigma)
envelope_expr = (
_amp
* sym.exp(sym.I * _angle)
* sym.Piecewise(
(_gaussian_ledge, _t <= _sq_t0), (_gaussian_redge, _t >= _sq_t1), (1, True)
)
)
consts_expr = sym.And(_sigma > 0, _width >= 0, _duration >= _width)
valid_amp_conditions_expr = sym.Abs(_amp) <= 1.0
instance = ScalableSymbolicPulse(
pulse_type=cls.alias,
duration=duration,
amp=amp,
angle=angle,
parameters=parameters,
name=name,
limit_amplitude=limit_amplitude,
envelope=envelope_expr,
constraints=consts_expr,
valid_amp_conditions=valid_amp_conditions_expr,
)
instance.validate_parameters()
return instance
[docs]def GaussianSquareDrag(
duration: Union[int, ParameterExpression],
amp: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
sigma: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
beta: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
width: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = None,
angle: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = 0.0,
risefall_sigma_ratio: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = None,
name: Optional[str] = None,
limit_amplitude: Optional[bool] = None,
) -> ScalableSymbolicPulse:
"""A square pulse with a Drag shaped rise and fall
This pulse shape is similar to :class:`~.GaussianSquare` but uses
:class:`~.Drag` for its rise and fall instead of :class:`~.Gaussian`. The
addition of the DRAG component of the rise and fall is sometimes helpful in
suppressing the spectral content of the pulse at frequencies near to, but
slightly offset from, the fundamental frequency of the drive. When there is
a spectator qubit close in frequency to the fundamental frequency,
suppressing the drive at the spectator's frequency can help avoid unwanted
excitation of the spectator.
Exactly one of the ``risefall_sigma_ratio`` and ``width`` parameters has to be specified.
If ``risefall_sigma_ratio`` is not ``None`` and ``width`` is ``None``:
.. math::
\\text{risefall} &= \\text{risefall_sigma_ratio} \\times \\text{sigma}\\\\
\\text{width} &= \\text{duration} - 2 \\times \\text{risefall}
If ``width`` is not None and ``risefall_sigma_ratio`` is None:
.. math:: \\text{risefall} = \\frac{\\text{duration} - \\text{width}}{2}
Gaussian :math:`g(x, c, σ)` and lifted gaussian :math:`g'(x, c, σ)` curves
can be written as:
.. math::
g(x, c, σ) &= \\exp\\Bigl(-\\frac12 \\frac{(x - c)^2}{σ^2}\\Bigr)\\\\
g'(x, c, σ) &= \\frac{g(x, c, σ)-g(-1, c, σ)}{1-g(-1, c, σ)}
From these, the lifted DRAG curve :math:`d'(x, c, σ, β)` can be written as
.. math::
d'(x, c, σ, β) = g'(x, c, σ) \\times \\Bigl(1 + 1j \\times β \\times\
\\Bigl(-\\frac{x - c}{σ^2}\\Bigr)\\Bigr)
The lifted gaussian square drag pulse :math:`f'(x)` is defined as:
.. math::
f'(x) &= \\begin{cases}\
\\text{A} \\times d'(x, \\text{risefall}, \\text{sigma}, \\text{beta})\
& x < \\text{risefall}\\\\
\\text{A}\
& \\text{risefall} \\le x < \\text{risefall} + \\text{width}\\\\
\\text{A} \\times \\times d'(\
x - (\\text{risefall} + \\text{width}),\
\\text{risefall},\
\\text{sigma},\
\\text{beta}\
)\
& \\text{risefall} + \\text{width} \\le x\
\\end{cases}\\\\
where :math:`\\text{A} = \\text{amp} \\times
\\exp\\left(i\\times\\text{angle}\\right)`.
Args:
duration: Pulse length in terms of the sampling period `dt`.
amp: The amplitude of the DRAG rise and fall and of the square pulse.
sigma: A measure of how wide or narrow the DRAG risefall is; see the class
docstring for more details.
beta: The DRAG correction amplitude.
width: The duration of the embedded square pulse.
angle: The angle in radians of the complex phase factor uniformly
scaling the pulse. Default value 0.
risefall_sigma_ratio: The ratio of each risefall duration to sigma.
name: Display name for this pulse envelope.
limit_amplitude: If ``True``, then limit the amplitude of the
waveform to 1. The default is ``True`` and the amplitude is constrained to 1.
Returns:
ScalableSymbolicPulse instance.
Raises:
PulseError: When width and risefall_sigma_ratio are both empty or both non-empty.
"""
# Convert risefall_sigma_ratio into width which is defined in OpenPulse spec
if width is None and risefall_sigma_ratio is None:
raise PulseError(
"Either the pulse width or the risefall_sigma_ratio parameter must be specified."
)
if width is not None and risefall_sigma_ratio is not None:
raise PulseError(
"Either the pulse width or the risefall_sigma_ratio parameter can be specified"
" but not both."
)
if width is None and risefall_sigma_ratio is not None:
width = duration - 2.0 * risefall_sigma_ratio * sigma
parameters = {"sigma": sigma, "width": width, "beta": beta}
# Prepare symbolic expressions
_t, _duration, _amp, _sigma, _beta, _width, _angle = sym.symbols(
"t, duration, amp, sigma, beta, width, angle"
)
_center = _duration / 2
_sq_t0 = _center - _width / 2
_sq_t1 = _center + _width / 2
_gaussian_ledge = _lifted_gaussian(_t, _sq_t0, -1, _sigma)
_gaussian_redge = _lifted_gaussian(_t, _sq_t1, _duration + 1, _sigma)
_deriv_ledge = -(_t - _sq_t0) / (_sigma**2) * _gaussian_ledge
_deriv_redge = -(_t - _sq_t1) / (_sigma**2) * _gaussian_redge
envelope_expr = (
_amp
* sym.exp(sym.I * _angle)
* sym.Piecewise(
(_gaussian_ledge + sym.I * _beta * _deriv_ledge, _t <= _sq_t0),
(_gaussian_redge + sym.I * _beta * _deriv_redge, _t >= _sq_t1),
(1, True),
)
)
consts_expr = sym.And(_sigma > 0, _width >= 0, _duration >= _width)
valid_amp_conditions_expr = sym.And(sym.Abs(_amp) <= 1.0, sym.Abs(_beta) < _sigma)
instance = ScalableSymbolicPulse(
pulse_type="GaussianSquareDrag",
duration=duration,
amp=amp,
angle=angle,
parameters=parameters,
name=name,
limit_amplitude=limit_amplitude,
envelope=envelope_expr,
constraints=consts_expr,
valid_amp_conditions=valid_amp_conditions_expr,
)
instance.validate_parameters()
return instance
[docs]def gaussian_square_echo(
duration: Union[int, ParameterExpression],
amp: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
sigma: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
width: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = None,
angle: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = 0.0,
active_amp: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = 0.0,
active_angle: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = 0.0,
risefall_sigma_ratio: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = None,
name: Optional[str] = None,
limit_amplitude: Optional[bool] = None,
) -> SymbolicPulse:
"""An echoed Gaussian square pulse with an active tone overlaid on it.
The Gaussian Square Echo pulse is composed of three pulses. First, a Gaussian Square pulse
:math:`f_{echo}(x)` with amplitude ``amp`` and phase ``angle`` playing for half duration,
followed by a second Gaussian Square pulse :math:`-f_{echo}(x)` with opposite amplitude
and same phase playing for the rest of the duration. Third a Gaussian Square pulse
:math:`f_{active}(x)` with amplitude ``active_amp`` and phase ``active_angle``
playing for the entire duration. The Gaussian Square Echo pulse :math:`g_e()`
can be written as:
.. math::
g_e(x) &= \\begin{cases}\
f_{\\text{active}} + f_{\\text{echo}}(x)\
& x < \\frac{\\text{duration}}{2}\\\\
f_{\\text{active}} - f_{\\text{echo}}(x)\
& \\frac{\\text{duration}}{2} < x\
\\end{cases}\\\\
One case where this pulse can be used is when implementing a direct CNOT gate with
a cross-resonance superconducting qubit architecture. When applying this pulse to
the target qubit, the active portion can be used to cancel IX terms from the
cross-resonance drive while the echo portion can reduce the impact of a static ZZ coupling.
Exactly one of the ``risefall_sigma_ratio`` and ``width`` parameters has to be specified.
If ``risefall_sigma_ratio`` is not ``None`` and ``width`` is ``None``:
.. math::
\\text{risefall} &= \\text{risefall_sigma_ratio} \\times \\text{sigma}\\\\
\\text{width} &= \\text{duration} - 2 \\times \\text{risefall}
If ``width`` is not None and ``risefall_sigma_ratio`` is None:
.. math:: \\text{risefall} = \\frac{\\text{duration} - \\text{width}}{2}
References:
1. |citation1|_
.. _citation1: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2058-9565/abe519
.. |citation1| replace:: *Jurcevic, P., Javadi-Abhari, A., Bishop, L. S.,
Lauer, I., Bogorin, D. F., Brink, M., Capelluto, L., G{\"u}nl{\"u}k, O.,
Itoko, T., Kanazawa, N. & others
Demonstration of quantum volume 64 on a superconducting quantum
computing system. (Section V)*
Args:
duration: Pulse length in terms of the sampling period `dt`.
amp: The amplitude of the rise and fall and of the echoed pulse.
sigma: A measure of how wide or narrow the risefall is; see the class
docstring for more details.
width: The duration of the embedded square pulse.
angle: The angle in radians of the complex phase factor uniformly
scaling the echoed pulse. Default value 0.
active_amp: The amplitude of the active pulse.
active_angle: The angle in radian of the complex phase factor uniformly
scaling the active pulse. Default value 0.
risefall_sigma_ratio: The ratio of each risefall duration to sigma.
name: Display name for this pulse envelope.
limit_amplitude: If ``True``, then limit the amplitude of the
waveform to 1. The default is ``True`` and the amplitude is constrained to 1.
Returns:
ScalableSymbolicPulse instance.
Raises:
PulseError: When width and risefall_sigma_ratio are both empty or both non-empty.
"""
# Convert risefall_sigma_ratio into width which is defined in OpenPulse spec
if width is None and risefall_sigma_ratio is None:
raise PulseError(
"Either the pulse width or the risefall_sigma_ratio parameter must be specified."
)
if width is not None and risefall_sigma_ratio is not None:
raise PulseError(
"Either the pulse width or the risefall_sigma_ratio parameter can be specified"
" but not both."
)
if width is None and risefall_sigma_ratio is not None:
width = duration - 2.0 * risefall_sigma_ratio * sigma
parameters = {
"amp": amp,
"angle": angle,
"sigma": sigma,
"width": width,
"active_amp": active_amp,
"active_angle": active_angle,
}
# Prepare symbolic expressions
(
_t,
_duration,
_amp,
_sigma,
_active_amp,
_width,
_angle,
_active_angle,
) = sym.symbols("t, duration, amp, sigma, active_amp, width, angle, active_angle")
# gaussian square echo for rotary tone
_center = _duration / 4
_width_echo = (_duration - 2 * (_duration - _width)) / 2
_sq_t0 = _center - _width_echo / 2
_sq_t1 = _center + _width_echo / 2
_gaussian_ledge = _lifted_gaussian(_t, _sq_t0, -1, _sigma)
_gaussian_redge = _lifted_gaussian(_t, _sq_t1, _duration / 2 + 1, _sigma)
envelope_expr_p = (
_amp
* sym.exp(sym.I * _angle)
* sym.Piecewise(
(_gaussian_ledge, _t <= _sq_t0),
(_gaussian_redge, _t >= _sq_t1),
(1, True),
)
)
_center_echo = _duration / 2 + _duration / 4
_sq_t0_echo = _center_echo - _width_echo / 2
_sq_t1_echo = _center_echo + _width_echo / 2
_gaussian_ledge_echo = _lifted_gaussian(_t, _sq_t0_echo, _duration / 2 - 1, _sigma)
_gaussian_redge_echo = _lifted_gaussian(_t, _sq_t1_echo, _duration + 1, _sigma)
envelope_expr_echo = (
-1
* _amp
* sym.exp(sym.I * _angle)
* sym.Piecewise(
(_gaussian_ledge_echo, _t <= _sq_t0_echo),
(_gaussian_redge_echo, _t >= _sq_t1_echo),
(1, True),
)
)
envelope_expr = sym.Piecewise(
(envelope_expr_p, _t <= _duration / 2), (envelope_expr_echo, _t >= _duration / 2), (0, True)
)
# gaussian square for active cancellation tone
_center_active = _duration / 2
_sq_t0_active = _center_active - _width / 2
_sq_t1_active = _center_active + _width / 2
_gaussian_ledge_active = _lifted_gaussian(_t, _sq_t0_active, -1, _sigma)
_gaussian_redge_active = _lifted_gaussian(_t, _sq_t1_active, _duration + 1, _sigma)
envelope_expr_active = (
_active_amp
* sym.exp(sym.I * _active_angle)
* sym.Piecewise(
(_gaussian_ledge_active, _t <= _sq_t0_active),
(_gaussian_redge_active, _t >= _sq_t1_active),
(1, True),
)
)
envelop_expr_total = envelope_expr + envelope_expr_active
consts_expr = sym.And(
_sigma > 0, _width >= 0, _duration >= _width, _duration / 2 >= _width_echo
)
# Check validity of amplitudes
valid_amp_conditions_expr = sym.And(sym.Abs(_amp) + sym.Abs(_active_amp) <= 1.0)
instance = SymbolicPulse(
pulse_type="gaussian_square_echo",
duration=duration,
parameters=parameters,
name=name,
limit_amplitude=limit_amplitude,
envelope=envelop_expr_total,
constraints=consts_expr,
valid_amp_conditions=valid_amp_conditions_expr,
)
instance.validate_parameters()
return instance
[docs]def GaussianDeriv(
duration: Union[int, ParameterExpression],
amp: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
sigma: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
angle: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = 0.0,
name: Optional[str] = None,
limit_amplitude: Optional[bool] = None,
) -> ScalableSymbolicPulse:
"""An unnormalized Gaussian derivative pulse.
The Gaussian function is centered around the halfway point of the pulse,
and the envelope of the pulse is given by:
.. math::
f(x) = -\\text{A}\\frac{x-\\mu}{\\text{sigma}^{2}}\\exp
\\left[-\\left(\\frac{x-\\mu}{2\\text{sigma}}\\right)^{2}\\right] , 0 <= x < duration
where :math:`\\text{A} = \\text{amp} \\times\\exp\\left(i\\times\\text{angle}\\right)`,
and :math:`\\mu=\\text{duration}/2`.
Args:
duration: Pulse length in terms of the sampling period `dt`.
amp: The magnitude of the amplitude of the pulse
(the value of the corresponding Gaussian at the midpoint `duration`/2).
sigma: A measure of how wide or narrow the corresponding Gaussian peak is in terms of `dt`;
described mathematically in the class docstring.
angle: The angle in radians of the complex phase factor uniformly
scaling the pulse. Default value 0.
name: Display name for this pulse envelope.
limit_amplitude: If ``True``, then limit the amplitude of the
waveform to 1. The default is ``True`` and the amplitude is constrained to 1.
Returns:
ScalableSymbolicPulse instance.
"""
parameters = {"sigma": sigma}
# Prepare symbolic expressions
_t, _duration, _amp, _angle, _sigma = sym.symbols("t, duration, amp, angle, sigma")
envelope_expr = (
-_amp
* sym.exp(sym.I * _angle)
* ((_t - (_duration / 2)) / _sigma**2)
* sym.exp(-(1 / 2) * ((_t - (_duration / 2)) / _sigma) ** 2)
)
consts_expr = _sigma > 0
valid_amp_conditions_expr = sym.Abs(_amp / _sigma) <= sym.exp(1 / 2)
instance = ScalableSymbolicPulse(
pulse_type="GaussianDeriv",
duration=duration,
amp=amp,
angle=angle,
parameters=parameters,
name=name,
limit_amplitude=limit_amplitude,
envelope=envelope_expr,
constraints=consts_expr,
valid_amp_conditions=valid_amp_conditions_expr,
)
instance.validate_parameters()
return instance
[docs]class Drag(metaclass=_PulseType):
"""The Derivative Removal by Adiabatic Gate (DRAG) pulse is a standard Gaussian pulse
with an additional Gaussian derivative component and lifting applied.
It can be calibrated either to reduce the phase error due to virtual population of the
:math:`|2\\rangle` state during the pulse or to reduce the frequency spectrum of a
standard Gaussian pulse near the :math:`|1\\rangle\\leftrightarrow|2\\rangle` transition,
reducing the chance of leakage to the :math:`|2\\rangle` state.
.. math::
g(x) &= \\exp\\Bigl(-\\frac12 \\frac{(x - \\text{duration}/2)^2}{\\text{sigma}^2}\\Bigr)\\\\
g'(x) &= \\text{A}\\times\\frac{g(x)-g(-1)}{1-g(-1)}\\\\
f(x) &= g'(x) \\times \\Bigl(1 + 1j \\times \\text{beta} \\times\
\\Bigl(-\\frac{x - \\text{duration}/2}{\\text{sigma}^2}\\Bigr) \\Bigr),
\\quad 0 \\le x < \\text{duration}
where :math:`g(x)` is a standard unlifted Gaussian waveform, :math:`g'(x)` is the lifted
:class:`~qiskit.pulse.library.Gaussian` waveform, and
:math:`\\text{A} = \\text{amp} \\times \\exp\\left(i\\times\\text{angle}\\right)`.
References:
1. |citation1|_
.. _citation1: https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.83.012308
.. |citation1| replace:: *Gambetta, J. M., Motzoi, F., Merkel, S. T. & Wilhelm, F. K.
Analytic control methods for high-fidelity unitary operations
in a weakly nonlinear oscillator. Phys. Rev. A 83, 012308 (2011).*
2. |citation2|_
.. _citation2: https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.110501
.. |citation2| replace:: *F. Motzoi, J. M. Gambetta, P. Rebentrost, and F. K. Wilhelm
Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 110501 – Published 8 September 2009.*
"""
alias = "Drag"
def __new__(
cls,
duration: Union[int, ParameterExpression],
amp: ParameterValueType,
sigma: ParameterValueType,
beta: ParameterValueType,
angle: Optional[ParameterValueType] = None,
name: Optional[str] = None,
limit_amplitude: Optional[bool] = None,
) -> ScalableSymbolicPulse:
"""Create new pulse instance.
Args:
duration: Pulse length in terms of the sampling period `dt`.
amp: The magnitude of the amplitude of the DRAG envelope.
Complex amp support is deprecated.
sigma: A measure of how wide or narrow the Gaussian peak is; described mathematically
in the class docstring.
beta: The correction amplitude.
angle: The angle of the complex amplitude of the DRAG envelope. Default value 0.
name: Display name for this pulse envelope.
limit_amplitude: If ``True``, then limit the amplitude of the
waveform to 1. The default is ``True`` and the amplitude is constrained to 1.
Returns:
ScalableSymbolicPulse instance.
"""
parameters = {"sigma": sigma, "beta": beta}
# Prepare symbolic expressions
_t, _duration, _amp, _sigma, _beta, _angle = sym.symbols(
"t, duration, amp, sigma, beta, angle"
)
_center = _duration / 2
_gauss = _lifted_gaussian(_t, _center, _duration + 1, _sigma)
_deriv = -(_t - _center) / (_sigma**2) * _gauss
envelope_expr = _amp * sym.exp(sym.I * _angle) * (_gauss + sym.I * _beta * _deriv)
consts_expr = _sigma > 0
valid_amp_conditions_expr = sym.And(sym.Abs(_amp) <= 1.0, sym.Abs(_beta) < _sigma)
instance = ScalableSymbolicPulse(
pulse_type="Drag",
duration=duration,
amp=amp,
angle=angle,
parameters=parameters,
name=name,
limit_amplitude=limit_amplitude,
envelope=envelope_expr,
constraints=consts_expr,
valid_amp_conditions=valid_amp_conditions_expr,
)
instance.validate_parameters()
return instance
[docs]class Constant(metaclass=_PulseType):
"""A simple constant pulse, with an amplitude value and a duration:
.. math::
f(x) = \\text{amp}\\times\\exp\\left(i\\text{angle}\\right) , 0 <= x < duration
f(x) = 0 , elsewhere
"""
alias = "Constant"
def __new__(
cls,
duration: Union[int, ParameterExpression],
amp: ParameterValueType,
angle: Optional[ParameterValueType] = None,
name: Optional[str] = None,
limit_amplitude: Optional[bool] = None,
) -> ScalableSymbolicPulse:
"""Create new pulse instance.
Args:
duration: Pulse length in terms of the sampling period `dt`.
amp: The magnitude of the amplitude of the square envelope.
Complex amp support is deprecated.
angle: The angle of the complex amplitude of the square envelope. Default value 0.
name: Display name for this pulse envelope.
limit_amplitude: If ``True``, then limit the amplitude of the
waveform to 1. The default is ``True`` and the amplitude is constrained to 1.
Returns:
ScalableSymbolicPulse instance.
"""
# Prepare symbolic expressions
_t, _amp, _duration, _angle = sym.symbols("t, amp, duration, angle")
# Note this is implemented using Piecewise instead of just returning amp
# directly because otherwise the expression has no t dependence and sympy's
# lambdify will produce a function f that for an array t returns amp
# instead of amp * np.ones(t.shape). This does not work well with
# ParametricPulse.get_waveform().
#
# See: https://github.com/sympy/sympy/issues/5642
envelope_expr = (
_amp
* sym.exp(sym.I * _angle)
* sym.Piecewise((1, sym.And(_t >= 0, _t <= _duration)), (0, True))
)
valid_amp_conditions_expr = sym.Abs(_amp) <= 1.0
instance = ScalableSymbolicPulse(
pulse_type="Constant",
duration=duration,
amp=amp,
angle=angle,
name=name,
limit_amplitude=limit_amplitude,
envelope=envelope_expr,
valid_amp_conditions=valid_amp_conditions_expr,
)
instance.validate_parameters()
return instance
[docs]def Sin(
duration: Union[int, ParameterExpression],
amp: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
phase: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
freq: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = None,
angle: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = 0.0,
name: Optional[str] = None,
limit_amplitude: Optional[bool] = None,
) -> ScalableSymbolicPulse:
"""A sinusoidal pulse.
The envelope of the pulse is given by:
.. math::
f(x) = \\text{A}\\sin\\left(2\\pi\\text{freq}x+\\text{phase}\\right) , 0 <= x < duration
where :math:`\\text{A} = \\text{amp} \\times\\exp\\left(i\\times\\text{angle}\\right)`.
Args:
duration: Pulse length in terms of the sampling period `dt`.
amp: The magnitude of the amplitude of the sinusoidal wave. Wave range is [-`amp`,`amp`].
phase: The phase of the sinusoidal wave (note that this is not equivalent to the angle of
the complex amplitude)
freq: The frequency of the sinusoidal wave, in terms of 1 over sampling period.
If not provided defaults to a single cycle (i.e :math:'\\frac{1}{\\text{duration}}').
The frequency is limited to the range :math:`\\left(0,0.5\\right]` (the Nyquist frequency).
angle: The angle in radians of the complex phase factor uniformly
scaling the pulse. Default value 0.
name: Display name for this pulse envelope.
limit_amplitude: If ``True``, then limit the amplitude of the
waveform to 1. The default is ``True`` and the amplitude is constrained to 1.
Returns:
ScalableSymbolicPulse instance.
"""
if freq is None:
freq = 1 / duration
parameters = {"freq": freq, "phase": phase}
# Prepare symbolic expressions
_t, _duration, _amp, _angle, _freq, _phase = sym.symbols("t, duration, amp, angle, freq, phase")
envelope_expr = _amp * sym.exp(sym.I * _angle) * sym.sin(2 * sym.pi * _freq * _t + _phase)
consts_expr = sym.And(_freq > 0, _freq < 0.5)
# This might fail for waves shorter than a single cycle
valid_amp_conditions_expr = sym.Abs(_amp) <= 1.0
instance = ScalableSymbolicPulse(
pulse_type="Sin",
duration=duration,
amp=amp,
angle=angle,
parameters=parameters,
name=name,
limit_amplitude=limit_amplitude,
envelope=envelope_expr,
constraints=consts_expr,
valid_amp_conditions=valid_amp_conditions_expr,
)
instance.validate_parameters()
return instance
[docs]def Cos(
duration: Union[int, ParameterExpression],
amp: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
phase: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
freq: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = None,
angle: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = 0.0,
name: Optional[str] = None,
limit_amplitude: Optional[bool] = None,
) -> ScalableSymbolicPulse:
"""A cosine pulse.
The envelope of the pulse is given by:
.. math::
f(x) = \\text{A}\\cos\\left(2\\pi\\text{freq}x+\\text{phase}\\right) , 0 <= x < duration
where :math:`\\text{A} = \\text{amp} \\times\\exp\\left(i\\times\\text{angle}\\right)`.
Args:
duration: Pulse length in terms of the sampling period `dt`.
amp: The magnitude of the amplitude of the cosine wave. Wave range is [-`amp`,`amp`].
phase: The phase of the cosine wave (note that this is not equivalent to the angle
of the complex amplitude).
freq: The frequency of the cosine wave, in terms of 1 over sampling period.
If not provided defaults to a single cycle (i.e :math:'\\frac{1}{\\text{duration}}').
The frequency is limited to the range :math:`\\left(0,0.5\\right]` (the Nyquist frequency).
angle: The angle in radians of the complex phase factor uniformly
scaling the pulse. Default value 0.
name: Display name for this pulse envelope.
limit_amplitude: If ``True``, then limit the amplitude of the
waveform to 1. The default is ``True`` and the amplitude is constrained to 1.
Returns:
ScalableSymbolicPulse instance.
"""
if freq is None:
freq = 1 / duration
parameters = {"freq": freq, "phase": phase}
# Prepare symbolic expressions
_t, _duration, _amp, _angle, _freq, _phase = sym.symbols("t, duration, amp, angle, freq, phase")
envelope_expr = _amp * sym.exp(sym.I * _angle) * sym.cos(2 * sym.pi * _freq * _t + _phase)
consts_expr = sym.And(_freq > 0, _freq < 0.5)
# This might fail for waves shorter than a single cycle
valid_amp_conditions_expr = sym.Abs(_amp) <= 1.0
instance = ScalableSymbolicPulse(
pulse_type="Cos",
duration=duration,
amp=amp,
angle=angle,
parameters=parameters,
name=name,
limit_amplitude=limit_amplitude,
envelope=envelope_expr,
constraints=consts_expr,
valid_amp_conditions=valid_amp_conditions_expr,
)
instance.validate_parameters()
return instance
[docs]def Sawtooth(
duration: Union[int, ParameterExpression],
amp: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
phase: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
freq: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = None,
angle: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = 0.0,
name: Optional[str] = None,
limit_amplitude: Optional[bool] = None,
) -> ScalableSymbolicPulse:
"""A sawtooth pulse.
The envelope of the pulse is given by:
.. math::
f(x) = 2\\text{A}\\left[g\\left(x\\right)-
\\lfloor g\\left(x\\right)+\\frac{1}{2}\\rfloor\\right]
where :math:`\\text{A} = \\text{amp} \\times\\exp\\left(i\\times\\text{angle}\\right)`,
:math:`g\\left(x\\right)=x\\times\\text{freq}+\\frac{\\text{phase}}{2\\pi}`,
and :math:`\\lfloor ...\\rfloor` is the floor operation.
Args:
duration: Pulse length in terms of the sampling period `dt`.
amp: The magnitude of the amplitude of the sawtooth wave. Wave range is [-`amp`,`amp`].
phase: The phase of the sawtooth wave (note that this is not equivalent to the angle
of the complex amplitude)
freq: The frequency of the sawtooth wave, in terms of 1 over sampling period.
If not provided defaults to a single cycle (i.e :math:'\\frac{1}{\\text{duration}}').
The frequency is limited to the range :math:`\\left(0,0.5\\right]` (the Nyquist frequency).
angle: The angle in radians of the complex phase factor uniformly
scaling the pulse. Default value 0.
name: Display name for this pulse envelope.
limit_amplitude: If ``True``, then limit the amplitude of the
waveform to 1. The default is ``True`` and the amplitude is constrained to 1.
Returns:
ScalableSymbolicPulse instance.
"""
if freq is None:
freq = 1 / duration
parameters = {"freq": freq, "phase": phase}
# Prepare symbolic expressions
_t, _duration, _amp, _angle, _freq, _phase = sym.symbols("t, duration, amp, angle, freq, phase")
lin_expr = _t * _freq + _phase / (2 * sym.pi)
envelope_expr = 2 * _amp * sym.exp(sym.I * _angle) * (lin_expr - sym.floor(lin_expr + 1 / 2))
consts_expr = sym.And(_freq > 0, _freq < 0.5)
# This might fail for waves shorter than a single cycle
valid_amp_conditions_expr = sym.Abs(_amp) <= 1.0
instance = ScalableSymbolicPulse(
pulse_type="Sawtooth",
duration=duration,
amp=amp,
angle=angle,
parameters=parameters,
name=name,
limit_amplitude=limit_amplitude,
envelope=envelope_expr,
constraints=consts_expr,
valid_amp_conditions=valid_amp_conditions_expr,
)
instance.validate_parameters()
return instance
[docs]def Triangle(
duration: Union[int, ParameterExpression],
amp: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
phase: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
freq: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = None,
angle: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = 0.0,
name: Optional[str] = None,
limit_amplitude: Optional[bool] = None,
) -> ScalableSymbolicPulse:
"""A triangle wave pulse.
The envelope of the pulse is given by:
.. math::
f(x) = \\text{A}\\left[\\text{sawtooth}\\left(x\\right)\\right] , 0 <= x < duration
where :math:`\\text{A} = \\text{amp} \\times\\exp\\left(i\\times\\text{angle}\\right)`,
and :math:`\\text{sawtooth}\\left(x\\right)` is a sawtooth wave with the same frequency
as the triangle wave, but a phase shifted by :math:`\\frac{\\pi}{2}`.
Args:
duration: Pulse length in terms of the sampling period `dt`.
amp: The magnitude of the amplitude of the triangle wave. Wave range is [-`amp`,`amp`].
phase: The phase of the triangle wave (note that this is not equivalent to the angle
of the complex amplitude)
freq: The frequency of the triangle wave, in terms of 1 over sampling period.
If not provided defaults to a single cycle (i.e :math:'\\frac{1}{\\text{duration}}').
The frequency is limited to the range :math:`\\left(0,0.5\\right]` (the Nyquist frequency).
angle: The angle in radians of the complex phase factor uniformly
scaling the pulse. Default value 0.
name: Display name for this pulse envelope.
limit_amplitude: If ``True``, then limit the amplitude of the
waveform to 1. The default is ``True`` and the amplitude is constrained to 1.
Returns:
ScalableSymbolicPulse instance.
"""
if freq is None:
freq = 1 / duration
parameters = {"freq": freq, "phase": phase}
# Prepare symbolic expressions
_t, _duration, _amp, _angle, _freq, _phase = sym.symbols("t, duration, amp, angle, freq, phase")
lin_expr = _t * _freq + _phase / (2 * sym.pi) - 0.25
sawtooth_expr = 2 * (lin_expr - sym.floor(lin_expr + 1 / 2))
envelope_expr = _amp * sym.exp(sym.I * _angle) * (-2 * sym.Abs(sawtooth_expr) + 1)
consts_expr = sym.And(_freq > 0, _freq < 0.5)
# This might fail for waves shorter than a single cycle
valid_amp_conditions_expr = sym.Abs(_amp) <= 1.0
instance = ScalableSymbolicPulse(
pulse_type="Triangle",
duration=duration,
amp=amp,
angle=angle,
parameters=parameters,
name=name,
limit_amplitude=limit_amplitude,
envelope=envelope_expr,
constraints=consts_expr,
valid_amp_conditions=valid_amp_conditions_expr,
)
instance.validate_parameters()
return instance
[docs]def Square(
duration: Union[int, ParameterExpression],
amp: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
phase: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
freq: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = None,
angle: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = 0.0,
name: Optional[str] = None,
limit_amplitude: Optional[bool] = None,
) -> ScalableSymbolicPulse:
"""A square wave pulse.
The envelope of the pulse is given by:
.. math::
f(x) = \\text{A}\\text{sign}\\left[\\sin
\\left(2\\pi x\\times\\text{freq}+\\text{phase}\\right)\\right] , 0 <= x < duration
where :math:`\\text{A} = \\text{amp} \\times\\exp\\left(i\\times\\text{angle}\\right)`,
and :math:`\\text{sign}`
is the sign function with the convention :math:`\\text{sign}\\left(0\\right)=1`.
Args:
duration: Pulse length in terms of the sampling period `dt`.
amp: The magnitude of the amplitude of the square wave. Wave range is [-`amp`,`amp`].
phase: The phase of the square wave (note that this is not equivalent to the angle of
the complex amplitude).
freq: The frequency of the square wave, in terms of 1 over sampling period.
If not provided defaults to a single cycle (i.e :math:'\\frac{1}{\\text{duration}}').
The frequency is limited to the range :math:`\\left(0,0.5\\right]` (the Nyquist frequency).
angle: The angle in radians of the complex phase factor uniformly
scaling the pulse. Default value 0.
name: Display name for this pulse envelope.
limit_amplitude: If ``True``, then limit the amplitude of the
waveform to 1. The default is ``True`` and the amplitude is constrained to 1.
Returns:
ScalableSymbolicPulse instance.
"""
if freq is None:
freq = 1 / duration
parameters = {"freq": freq, "phase": phase}
# Prepare symbolic expressions
_t, _duration, _amp, _angle, _freq, _phase = sym.symbols("t, duration, amp, angle, freq, phase")
_x = _freq * _t + _phase / (2 * sym.pi)
envelope_expr = (
_amp * sym.exp(sym.I * _angle) * (2 * (2 * sym.floor(_x) - sym.floor(2 * _x)) + 1)
)
consts_expr = sym.And(_freq > 0, _freq < 0.5)
# This might fail for waves shorter than a single cycle
valid_amp_conditions_expr = sym.Abs(_amp) <= 1.0
instance = ScalableSymbolicPulse(
pulse_type="Square",
duration=duration,
amp=amp,
angle=angle,
parameters=parameters,
name=name,
limit_amplitude=limit_amplitude,
envelope=envelope_expr,
constraints=consts_expr,
valid_amp_conditions=valid_amp_conditions_expr,
)
instance.validate_parameters()
return instance
[docs]def Sech(
duration: Union[int, ParameterExpression],
amp: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
sigma: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
angle: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = 0.0,
name: Optional[str] = None,
zero_ends: Optional[bool] = True,
limit_amplitude: Optional[bool] = None,
) -> ScalableSymbolicPulse:
"""An unnormalized sech pulse.
The sech function is centered around the halfway point of the pulse,
and the envelope of the pulse is given by:
.. math::
f(x) = \\text{A}\\text{sech}\\left(
\\frac{x-\\mu}{\\text{sigma}}\\right) , 0 <= x < duration
where :math:`\\text{A} = \\text{amp} \\times\\exp\\left(i\\times\\text{angle}\\right)`,
and :math:`\\mu=\\text{duration}/2`.
If `zero_ends` is set to `True`, the output `y` is modified:
.. math::
y\\left(x\\right) \\mapsto \\text{A}\\frac{y-y^{*}}{\\text{A}-y^{*}},
where :math:`y^{*}` is the value of :math:`y` at the endpoints (at :math:`x=-1
and :math:`x=\\text{duration}+1`). This shifts the endpoints value to zero, while also
rescaling to preserve the amplitude at `:math:`\\text{duration}/2``.
Args:
duration: Pulse length in terms of the sampling period `dt`.
amp: The magnitude of the amplitude of the pulse (the value at the midpoint `duration`/2).
sigma: A measure of how wide or narrow the sech peak is in terms of `dt`;
described mathematically in the class docstring.
angle: The angle in radians of the complex phase factor uniformly
scaling the pulse. Default value 0.
name: Display name for this pulse envelope.
zero_ends: If True, zeros the ends at x = -1, x = `duration` + 1,
but rescales to preserve `amp`. Default value True.
limit_amplitude: If ``True``, then limit the amplitude of the
waveform to 1. The default is ``True`` and the amplitude is constrained to 1.
Returns:
ScalableSymbolicPulse instance.
"""
parameters = {"sigma": sigma}
# Prepare symbolic expressions
_t, _duration, _amp, _angle, _sigma = sym.symbols("t, duration, amp, angle, sigma")
complex_amp = _amp * sym.exp(sym.I * _angle)
envelope_expr = complex_amp * sym.sech((_t - (_duration / 2)) / _sigma)
if zero_ends:
shift_val = complex_amp * sym.sech((-1 - (_duration / 2)) / _sigma)
envelope_expr = complex_amp * (envelope_expr - shift_val) / (complex_amp - shift_val)
consts_expr = _sigma > 0
valid_amp_conditions_expr = sym.Abs(_amp) <= 1.0
instance = ScalableSymbolicPulse(
pulse_type="Sech",
duration=duration,
amp=amp,
angle=angle,
parameters=parameters,
name=name,
limit_amplitude=limit_amplitude,
envelope=envelope_expr,
constraints=consts_expr,
valid_amp_conditions=valid_amp_conditions_expr,
)
instance.validate_parameters()
return instance
[docs]def SechDeriv(
duration: Union[int, ParameterExpression],
amp: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
sigma: Union[float, ParameterExpression],
angle: Optional[Union[float, ParameterExpression]] = 0.0,
name: Optional[str] = None,
limit_amplitude: Optional[bool] = None,
) -> ScalableSymbolicPulse:
"""An unnormalized sech derivative pulse.
The sech function is centered around the halfway point of the pulse, and the envelope of the
pulse is given by:
.. math::
f(x) = \\text{A}\\frac{d}{dx}\\left[\\text{sech}
\\left(\\frac{x-\\mu}{\\text{sigma}}\\right)\\right] , 0 <= x < duration
where :math:`\\text{A} = \\text{amp} \\times\\exp\\left(i\\times\\text{angle}\\right)`,
:math:`\\mu=\\text{duration}/2`, and :math:`d/dx` is a derivative with respect to `x`.
Args:
duration: Pulse length in terms of the sampling period `dt`.
amp: The magnitude of the amplitude of the pulse (the value of the corresponding sech
function at the midpoint `duration`/2).
sigma: A measure of how wide or narrow the corresponding sech peak is, in terms of `dt`;
described mathematically in the class docstring.
angle: The angle in radians of the complex phase factor uniformly
scaling the pulse. Default value 0.
name: Display name for this pulse envelope.
limit_amplitude: If ``True``, then limit the amplitude of the
waveform to 1. The default is ``True`` and the amplitude is constrained to 1.
Returns:
ScalableSymbolicPulse instance.
"""
parameters = {"sigma": sigma}
# Prepare symbolic expressions
_t, _duration, _amp, _angle, _sigma = sym.symbols("t, duration, amp, angle, sigma")
time_argument = (_t - (_duration / 2)) / _sigma
sech_deriv = -sym.tanh(time_argument) * sym.sech(time_argument) / _sigma
envelope_expr = _amp * sym.exp(sym.I * _angle) * sech_deriv
consts_expr = _sigma > 0
valid_amp_conditions_expr = sym.Abs(_amp) / _sigma <= 2.0
instance = ScalableSymbolicPulse(
pulse_type="SechDeriv",
duration=duration,
amp=amp,
angle=angle,
parameters=parameters,
name=name,
limit_amplitude=limit_amplitude,
envelope=envelope_expr,
constraints=consts_expr,
valid_amp_conditions=valid_amp_conditions_expr,
)
instance.validate_parameters()
return instance