# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# This code is part of Qiskit.
#
# (C) Copyright IBM 2017, 2019.
#
# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
#
# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
# that they have been altered from the originals.
"""
Random state generation.
"""
import warnings
import numpy as np
from numpy.random import default_rng
from qiskit.exceptions import QiskitError
from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.random import random_unitary
from .statevector import Statevector
from .densitymatrix import DensityMatrix
[docs]def random_statevector(dims, seed=None):
"""Generator a random Statevector.
The statevector is sampled from the uniform (Haar) measure.
Args:
dims (int or tuple): the dimensions of the state.
seed (int or np.random.Generator): Optional. Set a fixed seed or
generator for RNG.
Returns:
Statevector: the random statevector.
"""
if seed is None:
rng = np.random.default_rng()
elif isinstance(seed, np.random.Generator):
rng = seed
else:
rng = default_rng(seed)
dim = np.product(dims)
# Random array over interval (0, 1]
x = rng.random(dim)
x += x == 0
x = -np.log(x)
sumx = sum(x)
phases = rng.random(dim) * 2.0 * np.pi
return Statevector(np.sqrt(x / sumx) * np.exp(1j * phases), dims=dims)
[docs]def random_state(dim, seed=None):
"""
DEPRECATED Return a random quantum state.
Args:
dim (int): the dim of the state space
seed (int or np.random.Generator): Optional. Set a fixed seed or
generator for RNG.
Returns:
ndarray: state(2**num) a random quantum state.
"""
warnings.warn(
'The `random_state` function is deprecated as of 0.13.0,'
' and will be removed no earlier than 3 months after that '
'release date. You should use the `random_statevector`'
' function instead.', DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
return random_statevector(dim, seed=seed).data
[docs]def random_density_matrix(dims, rank=None, method='Hilbert-Schmidt',
seed=None):
"""Generator a random DensityMatrix.
Args:
dims (int or tuple): the dimensions of the DensityMatrix.
rank (int or None): Optional, the rank of the density matrix.
The default value is full-rank.
method (string): Optional. The method to use.
'Hilbert-Schmidt': (Default) sample from the Hilbert-Schmidt metric.
'Bures': sample from the Bures metric.
seed (int or np.random.Generator): Optional. Set a fixed seed or
generator for RNG.
Returns:
DensityMatrix: the random density matrix.
Raises:
QiskitError: if the method is not valid.
"""
# Flatten dimensions
dim = np.product(dims)
if rank is None:
rank = dim # Use full rank
if method == 'Hilbert-Schmidt':
rho = _random_density_hs(dim, rank, seed)
elif method == 'Bures':
rho = _random_density_bures(dim, rank, seed)
else:
raise QiskitError('Error: unrecognized method {}'.format(method))
return DensityMatrix(rho, dims=dims)
def _ginibre_matrix(nrow, ncol, seed):
"""Return a normally distributed complex random matrix.
Args:
nrow (int): number of rows in output matrix.
ncol (int): number of columns in output matrix.
seed(int or np.random.Generator): default rng.
Returns:
ndarray: A complex rectangular matrix where each real and imaginary
entry is sampled from the normal distribution.
"""
if seed is None:
rng = np.random.default_rng()
elif isinstance(seed, np.random.Generator):
rng = seed
else:
rng = default_rng(seed)
ginibre = rng.normal(
size=(nrow, ncol)) + rng.normal(size=(nrow, ncol)) * 1j
return ginibre
def _random_density_hs(dim, rank, seed):
"""
Generate a random density matrix from the Hilbert-Schmidt metric.
Args:
dim (int): the dimensions of the density matrix.
rank (int or None): the rank of the density matrix. The default
value is full-rank.
seed (int or np.random.Generator): default rng.
Returns:
ndarray: rho (N,N) a density matrix.
"""
mat = _ginibre_matrix(dim, rank, seed)
mat = mat.dot(mat.conj().T)
return mat / np.trace(mat)
def _random_density_bures(dim, rank, seed):
"""Generate a random density matrix from the Bures metric.
Args:
dim (int): the length of the density matrix.
rank (int or None): the rank of the density matrix. The default
value is full-rank.
seed (int or np.random.Generator): default rng.
Returns:
ndarray: rho (N,N) a density matrix.
"""
density = np.eye(dim) + random_unitary(dim, seed=seed).data
mat = density.dot(_ginibre_matrix(dim, rank, seed))
mat = mat.dot(mat.conj().T)
return mat / np.trace(mat)